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Sign in and switch the alert off from this panel."},"backfilled":"backfilled"},"brief":{"meta":{"title":"Weekly energy brief — Renewable Vision","description":"What moved in Saudi energy this week: prices, the tracked fleet, what the registers did and what is due next, compiled from the publishers every Sunday."},"crumb":"Weekly brief","eyebrow":"Weekly energy brief","title":"What moved this week.","standfirst":"Compiled every Sunday from the same sources the dashboards read: what changed across the Saudi power, water and carbon registers, the week’s price and capacity moves, what refreshed and what is late. Every figure links to its live series.","latest":"Latest","week":"Week {week}","issued":"The week to {date}","allBriefs":"All briefs","archive":{"title":"Past weeks","empty":"The first brief is published on Sunday."},"cta":{"eyebrow":"Free membership","title":"Members receive this every Sunday.","body":"Membership is free and takes a minute. It opens the full dashboards, CSV export and change alerts, and this brief arrives by email each week.","button":"Join free"},"api":{"title":"Read it as data","body":"The same brief is served as JSON at {path}, with every figure, every block and the ready-to-share text."}},"reports":{"meta":{"title":"Reports — Renewable Vision","description":"The company's own reports on Saudi and global energy: renewable power, battery storage, water, hydrogen, carbon capture, critical minerals, electric mobility and the power behind AI. Each one is dated, with the definition behind every headline figure and its sources listed."},"crumb":"Reports","eyebrow":"Report library","title":"The reports, as filed.","standfirst":"Each report is published as one edition: the figures it carries are the figures on the date it was compiled, with the definition behind every headline number and the sources underneath. 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Limits and licences are set out in the developer guide.","catalogue":"Data catalogue and licences","methodology":"Methodology","developers":"Open the developer guide","facts":{"keyless":{"term":"Keyless","value":"Every route but the Energy Atlas’s layers answers without a key, under a per-address limit."},"keys":{"term":"Optional keys","value":"A free key adds a daily allowance of its own and a usage count on your account page."},"openapi":{"term":"OpenAPI","value":"Every public route with its parameters and response fields: /api/openapi.json"},"mcp":{"term":"MCP","value":"The same data for AI assistants: POST /api/mcp"}}},"oilModel":{"eyebrow":"Oil balance model","title":"Where the price goes when electrons and molecules move.","standfirst":"A transparent world balance: the EIA outlook is the anchor, and nine levers move demand, supply and inventories, which move the price around that anchor. 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The band re-runs the same path at 0.6 and 1.6 times the inventory sensitivity. Full equations and defaults are in the method note.","disclaimer":"A scenario tool for reasoning about the balance, not a forecast or investment advice. The outlook and every live series carry their publisher's date."}},"carbon":{"meta":{"title":"Carbon Practice","description":"Carbon project development, CO₂ conversion pathway analysis, and MRV and GCOM readiness support, with advisory and assurance kept separate."},"header":{"eyebrow":"Carbon practice","title":"From captured carbon to verified value.","standfirst":"Carbon project development, CO₂ conversion pathways, and MRV and GCOM readiness, with the in-house tools behind each.","primary":"Discuss a carbon project","quiet":"Open RV Assurance","backdropAlt":"Containerised carbon capture units in the desert at dawn."},"scopeNotice":{"text":"Carbon runs through all three lines of business: we develop carbon projects, publish CCUS data and deliver carbon studies. 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We analyse which grade a pathway qualifies for and what evidence the standard requires; issuance rests with the registry and verification with an accredited body.","pathways":{"dac":{"kicker":"Pathway 01","title":"Direct air capture","body":"Renewable electricity powers atmospheric CO₂ capture and the production of hydrogen from water. The two streams feed synthesis into methanol, synthetic aviation fuel and ammonia.","creditGrade":"Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) credits. Atmospheric origin is what places a pathway in the engineered removal tier under the relevant standard."},"pointSource":{"kicker":"Pathway 02","title":"Point-source capture","body":"Industrial flue gas is captured on site, typically under a Capture-as-a-Service (CaaS) arrangement in which the host pays a fee per tonne captured. The CO₂ enters the same synthesis routes alongside hydrogen from electrolysis.","creditGrade":"Reduction or avoided-emission credits — the tier a standard applies where capture prevents an emission rather than removing CO₂ already in the atmosphere."},"mineralisation":{"kicker":"Pathway 03","title":"Mineralisation","body":"Captured CO₂ reacts with industrial brine rich in calcium or magnesium chloride. The carbonates produced are saleable industrial products and the CO₂ is held in mineral form.","creditGrade":"Storage credits, on the permanence basis the standard states for mineral carbonates — greater than 10,000 years."}}},"figures":{"electrolyzer":{"alt":"Interior of an electrolyser hall, with stacks arranged in rows.","caption":"An electrolyser hall. Hydrogen from electrolysis is the second input to the conversion pathways."},"carbonate":{"alt":"A core sample of mineral carbonate held in a laboratory.","caption":"A mineral carbonate sample. Mineralisation stores CO₂ as a solid carbonate."},"fieldSampling":{"alt":"A technician taking a field sample and recording the reading.","caption":"Field sampling. Metered and sampled data is the first stage of the verification trail."}},"howProjectsMove":{"eyebrow":"Lifecycle","title":"How a carbon project moves.","standfirst":"Six stages, end to end. Each stage closes on a decision, and the analysis that decision needs is what we are engaged to produce.","stages":{"discover":{"title":"Discover","body":"Identify CO₂ sources, hydrogen availability, water and feedstock constraints, capture options and site-specific economics."},"structure":{"title":"Structure","body":"Select technology partners, commercial model, offtake routes, measurement approach, logistics and financing pathway."},"develop":{"title":"Develop","body":"Build the project case, techno-economic model, implementation roadmap, permitting logic and commercial documentation."},"verify":{"title":"Verify","body":"Integrate measurement, reporting and verification (MRV), audit trails, claim traceability and buyer documentation."},"monetize":{"title":"Monetise","body":"Route captured CO₂ and produced hydrogen into products, credits, offtake agreements, storage or compliance value."},"scale":{"title":"Scale","body":"Reinvest into capacity, repeat the approach across further host sites, and extend it across the GCC."}}},"mrv":{"eyebrow":"Workstream C","title":"MRV, credits and assurance readiness.","standfirst":"Measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) evidence collection, readiness for the Greenhouse Gas Crediting and Offsetting Mechanism (GCOM), coordination with accredited verification bodies, and audit-ready project documentation.","body":"This work is delivered through RV Assurance, a separate services line. We prepare the evidence, document it against the rulebook, and coordinate with the accredited body that reviews it. Advisory and assurance never review the same project.","deliverables":["GCOM readiness score","Project design document (PDD) draft","MRV data room","VVB coordination package","Verification-ready evidence pack","Buyer route plan"],"trailTitle":"The five-stage verification trail","trail":["Capture and measurement — continuously metered data held with its calibration certificates.","Quality assurance and quality control — a QA/QC log with documented gap rules.","Monitoring report — compiled against the requirements of the Greenhouse Gas Crediting and Offsetting Mechanism (GCOM).","Verification — independent review by a Validation and Verification Body (VVB) accredited by the Designated National Authority, never by Renewable Vision.","Credit issuance — recorded on the GCOM registry with vintage and origin."]},"governance":{"eyebrow":"Governance","title":"Governance, independence and non-accreditation.","standfirst":"Independence and non-accreditation are part of how the practice is run, and they are stated here in full.","independenceTerm":"Independence controls","independenceNote":"This describes the governance design we commit to and apply.","conflictTerm":"Advisory-side conflict disclosure"},"tools":{"eyebrow":"The tools","title":"The tools behind the practice.","standfirst":"Three engines built in house, each open to use.","items":{"pathwayExplorer":{"kicker":"Process simulator","body":"A process simulator covering four conversion pathways, with a map of candidate Saudi host sites.","footer":"Stoichiometry and energy balances, modelled."},"cmp":{"kicker":"Project economics","body":"Project economics, IRR, NPV and payback, with a no-double-counting audit on the claim ledger.","footer":"Modelled from your inputs."},"assurance":{"kicker":"Readiness services","body":"Five client services with published price bands in Saudi riyals, plus the VVB readiness simulator, the VVB marketplace and the project assessment engine.","footer":"Our own accreditation roadmap is published separately."}}},"cta":{"title":"Scoping a carbon project, or preparing for verification?","standfirst":"Tell us the host site, the CO₂ source and the decision you need to reach. 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Each record carries its source, status and location precision.","source":"KAPSARC, SPPC, Saudi Water Authority, SWPC and operator primary releases","licence":"Compiled in house; third-party facts retain their own rights; boundaries ODbL 1.0","sourceOrg":"Renewable Vision","stats":{"projects":"Solar and wind projects in the tracker, grid and dedicated","capacity":"Tracked solar and wind capacity, every stage","trackerSource":"Saudi Renewables Tracker (KAPSARC, SPPC register, developers), updated weekly","water":"Desalination and water records","ai":"AI and telecom data-centre records"},"meta":{"title":"Saudi Energy, Water and AI Map","description":"Interactive map of every Saudi solar and wind project in the Saudi Renewables Tracker with its published LCOE, battery storage projects, dedicated renewable and hydrogen systems, desalination plants and AI data-centre records, with sources and location precision for every record."},"ui":{"tabs":{"energy":"Energy","water":"Water","ai":"AI & data centres"},"layers":{"renewables":"Solar & wind","batteries":"Battery storage","dedicated":"Dedicated systems","locations":"Component locations","plants":"Desalination & water","aiProjects":"AI campuses & programs","telecom":"stc, Mobily, Zain","procurement":"Procurement observations"},"filters":{"search":"Search projects, places, operators…","clear":"Clear search","allStatus":"All statuses","allKinds":"All types","allProvinces":"All regions","maxPrice":"LCOE up to","includeUnpublished":"Include unpublished prices"},"legend":{"unpublished":"Price not published","operating":"Reported operating","planned":"Planned or under construction","historical":"Historical or cancelled","sizeNote":"Marker size follows the disclosed figure; hollow markers carry no disclosed figure"},"fields":{"status":"Status","statusKapsarc":"Status as KAPSARC publishes it","figure":"Figure","name":"Record","kind":"Type","location":"Location","map":"Map","expectedYear":"Expected year","tenderYear":"Tender year","power":"Power","program":"Program","capacityBasis":"What the figure is","battery":"Battery storage","alternative":"alternative rating","thermal":"Thermal capacity","design":"Design capacity","reported":"Reported capacity","sourceWater":"Source water · technology","sectorDetail":"Sector","operator":"Operator","evidence":"Evidence period","precision":"Location precision","policy":"Aggregation rule","coordinateSource":"Coordinate source","hours":"Duration"},"notDisclosed":"Not disclosed","notPublished":"Not published","noPoint":"No map point","map":{"count":"{located} on the map · {total} matching · {unlocated} without a map point","loading":"Loading…","aria":"Interactive map of Saudi Arabia"},"directory":{"title":"Directory","count":"{n} records","export":"Export CSV","empty":"No record matches these filters.","showAll":"Show all {n} records"},"detail":{"title":"Record","open":"Full detail and sources","close":"Close","parent":"Part of","children":"Components and phases","sources":"Sources","noSources":"Source listed on the parent record","project":"Open the project page","report":"Open the storage report","batteryIn":"Battery storage counted once, in the battery layer"},"summary":{"projects":"Solar and wind projects, grid and dedicated: the Saudi Renewables Tracker","capacity":"Tracked capacity at every stage, not operating capacity","solarWind":"Solar · wind{hybrid, plural, =0 {} other { · combined solar and wind}} projects","lcoe":"Capacity-weighted LCOE, solar · wind, known prices only","unpublished":"Projects without a published price, kept on the map","batteries":"Battery storage, {n, plural, one {# project} other {# projects}} at every stage: not an operating fleet","waterRecords":"Water records: plants, phases, fleets and historical rows, not a plant count","localities":"Map localities: city and coastal proxies","seawater":"National seawater desalination capacity, 2025 baseline, separately reported","aiRecords":"AI campus, program and service records, overlapping","telecomRecords":"stc, Mobily and Zain records","noNationalSum":"No national MW total: disclosures overlap"},"scope":{"energy":"Solar and wind: the Saudi Renewables Tracker, reconciled with KAPSARC weekly, with the stage the Principal Buyer's register records where the two differ; as of {tracker}. Battery storage: the projects the Renewable Vision storage reports name, as the Energy Atlas draws them; as of {storage}. The whole pipeline, not operating capacity; MWh is never added to MW."},"portal":{"eyebrow":"Official statistics","waterTitle":"SWCC desalination production and export","energyTitle":"Electricity load by operating area","note":"Mirrored every week from the KAPSARC Energy Data Portal. 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A register lists what its publisher lists today; it complements the map records and is not a sum of them.","loading":"Loading the registers…","unavailable":"The registers appear here after the first sync.","synced":"synced","sourcePage":"Source page","listed":"{n} listed","removed":"No longer listed","sppc":{"connected":"Connected to the grid","construction":"Under construction","none":"Status not listed","projects":"projects","project":"Project","technology":"Technology","capacity":"MW","status":"SPPC status","tracker":"Tracker status","notInTracker":"Not in the tracker","page":"SPPC page","allStatus":"All statuses","allTech":"All technologies"},"swpc":{"title":"SWPC / SHARAKAT water project portfolio","operation":"Under operation","construction":"Under construction","tendering":"Under tendering","planning":"Under planning","project":"Project","type":"Type","region":"Region","capacity":"Capacity","cod":"COD","contract":"Contract","tariff":"Tariff (SAR/m³)","status":"Status","allTypes":"All types","allStatus":"All statuses","page":"SHARAKAT page","count":"{n} projects"},"swa":{"title":"Saudi Water Authority open-data catalogue","dataset":"Dataset","formats":"Formats","updated":"Updated","columns":"Columns","download":"Download","library":"Open-data library","count":"{n} datasets","rows":"{n} rows mirrored"}},"oil":{"eyebrow":"Oil market","title":"Crude oil benchmarks","note":"Official daily spot prices from the U.S. Energy Information Administration, mirrored each evening through the KAPSARC Energy Data Portal. Prices are the previous business day's close, not a live exchange feed.","brent":"Brent","wti":"WTI","spread":"Brent to WTI spread","change30":"Brent, 30-day change","forecast":"EIA forecast, WTI average","forecastYear":"calendar {year}","asOf":"as of","perBarrel":"US$ per barrel","chart":"Brent and WTI, last 12 months","loading":"Loading oil prices…","unavailable":"Oil prices appear here after the first sync."}}},"energyTransition":{"crumb":"Saudi Energy Transition Scorecard","eyebrow":"RV Intelligence","title":"Saudi Energy Transition Scorecard","standfirst":"The Kingdom's transition in numbers: renewables, thermal and grid build-out, oil and gas capacity, investment, emissions and hydrogen. Live figures are computed from the site's trackers, registers and price series on every visit; published figures carry their date and source.","source":"KAPSARC tracker and SPPC register (weekly), EIA prices through the KAPSARC portal (daily), ECRA statistics, Ministry of Energy and company disclosures (dated)","sourceOrg":"Renewable Vision compilation","licence":"CC BY-NC 4.0","stats":{"renewables":"GW of tracked renewables","brent":"Brent spot"},"meta":{"title":"Saudi Energy Transition Scorecard","description":"Saudi Arabia's energy transition in numbers: renewables, thermal and grid build-out, oil and gas capacity, investment, emissions and hydrogen, live from Renewable Vision's trackers with every published figure dated and sourced."},"ui":{"liveBadge":"Live","datedBadge":"Published","asOf":"as of","target":"target","by":"by","source":"Source","sec":{"mix":"Energy mix transformation","oil":"Oil market and the crude displacement model","gas":"Gas","investment":"Investment into renewables and gas","grid":"Grid and storage","emissions":"Emissions, CCUS and hydrogen","enablers":"Efficiency and localisation"},"mix":{"tracked":"Tracked renewable capacity","operational":"Operating","construction":"Under construction","tendered":"Tendered","sppcConnected":"Connected to the grid (SPPC)","sppcConstruction":"Under construction (SPPC)","recordPv":"Lowest solar tariff on record","recordWind":"Lowest wind tariff on record","pipelineChart":"Renewable pipeline by status (GW)","projects":"projects","ofTarget":"of the 2030 target"},"oil":{"brent":"Brent spot","wti":"WTI spot","forecast":"EIA forecast, WTI average","modelTitle":"Crude displacement value","modelIntro":"Each MWh of renewable generation avoids burning fuel in the thermal fleet, and part of that fuel is still crude, heavy fuel oil and diesel. The model values the avoided liquids at the oil price: generation × liquid-fired share × fuel per MWh at the chosen thermal efficiency ÷ 5.8 MMBtu per barrel. Change the three inputs to test scenarios.","shareNote":"Default share is the latest ECRA fuel mix: liquids were {pct}% of the fuel burned for power and desalination in {year}.","price":"Oil price","share":"Liquid-fired share of thermal generation","efficiency":"Thermal efficiency","operatingValue":"Operating projects, avoided liquids per year","pipelineValue":"Full tracked pipeline, avoided liquids per year","mbarrels":"million barrels a year","topProjects":"Largest contributors at these settings","project":"Project","status":"Status","generation":"Generation (GWh/yr)","value":"Value (US$ m/yr)"},"status":{"operational":"Operating","construction":"Under construction","tendered":"Tendered","announced":"Announced"},"gas":{"fuelChart":"Fuel burned for power and desalination, ECRA (TBtu)"},"investment":{"trackerCapex":"Disclosed capex of tracked renewable projects","trackerCapexNote":"{n} of {total} projects disclose a cost; the rest are shown without one, never estimated."},"emissions":{"ccusSaudi":"Saudi CCUS facilities tracked","ccusCapacity":"Mt CO2 a year across all statuses"},"figures":{"note":"Figures marked Published come from a dated source and are reviewed by Renewable Vision; they change when the publisher updates them, not in real time. Live figures are computed from the trackers, registers and price series on every visit."}}}},"carbon":{"common":{"backToAssurance":"Back to RV Assurance"},"pathwayExplorer":{"navLabel":"RV Pathway Explorer","meta":{"title":"RV Pathway Explorer","description":"An interactive process layer for converting captured CO₂ and green hydrogen into e-methanol, e-SAF, green ammonia and DME, with reaction chemistry, indicative operating windows and sourced references."},"header":{"eyebrow":"Carbon · RV Pathway Explorer","title":"RV Pathway Explorer.","standfirst":"An interactive read of the process layer for converting captured CO₂ and green hydrogen into chemicals and fuels: e-methanol, e-SAF, green ammonia and DME. Reaction chemistry, indicative operating windows and references for each pathway. No project economics — that is RV-CMP."},"teaser":{"shows":{"eyebrow":"What it shows","body":"Process layer: source → conversion → product. Reactions, indicative operating windows, energy intensity, and paper citations for each step."},"purpose":{"eyebrow":"What it is for","body":"Pathway screening for industrial hosts, technology providers, project developers, investors and public-sector programmes evaluating Saudi-context CO₂-to-fuels routes."},"excluded":{"eyebrow":"What it does not show","body":"No capex, opex, revenue, credit pricing, IRR or NPV. Project economics are scoped through a separate engagement with Renewable Vision."}},"closing":{"title":"Take a pathway from screening to project.","body":"The Pathway Explorer is a public read of the process layer. For project-specific screening, methodology selection, host fit and structured project support, contact the Renewable Vision team.","cta":"Contact us"}},"cmp":{"navLabel":"RV-CMP","meta":{"title":"RV-CMP Public","description":"An indicative carbon-project economics calculator: mass balance, revenue, opex, IRR, NPV and payback on user-supplied inputs, with a no-double-counting audit on the claim ledger."},"header":{"eyebrow":"Carbon · RV-CMP","title":"RV-CMP Public.","standfirst":"An indicative carbon-project economics calculator. Mass balance from stoichiometry, revenue and opex on user-supplied inputs, IRR and NPV, and a no-double-counting audit on the CO₂ ledger."},"teaser":{"publicLayer":{"eyebrow":"Public layer · what it shows","body":"Stoichiometric mass balance, revenue stack, opex stack, IRR / NPV / payback, no-double-counting audit. Every input is user-supplied with industry-neutral defaults — no Renewable Vision Saudi calibration baked in."},"internalLayer":{"eyebrow":"Internal layer · scoped through engagement","body":"Saudi-calibrated cost defaults, ten modelled reference configurations from a 20 kt pilot to a 4 Mt multi-plant case — modelled, not observed at an operating plant — an audit ledger with a claim-holder map, and integrity tests."},"caveats":{"eyebrow":"Methodology and caveats","body":"Output is indicative, intended for early-stage scenario exploration, not project decision-making. The calculator does no equipment sizing, no rigorous heat integration and no capital cost estimation. A FEED-level engagement remains the next step for any specific project."}},"closing":{"title":"From screening to calibrated economics.","body":"The Saudi-calibrated reference configurations, the audit ledger and the integrity tests live in the internal RV-CMP engine. Access is scoped through engagement.","cta":"Request engagement"}},"assurance":{"navLabel":"RV Assurance","meta":{"title":"RV Assurance","description":"GCOM project readiness, digital MRV and VVB coordination support for Saudi carbon projects. Renewable Vision is not a DNA-accredited Validation and Verification Body."},"header":{"eyebrow":"Carbon · RV Assurance","title":"MRV, credits and assurance readiness.","standfirst":"Renewable Vision supports Saudi project owners in moving from carbon opportunity to validation-ready evidence, monitoring-ready data rooms and issuance-ready credit pathways. We prepare and coordinate; a DNA-accredited Validation and Verification Body validates and verifies.","primaryCta":"Discuss a carbon project"},"disclosures":{"eyebrow":"Governance","title":"Governance and disclosures"},"assessment":{"eyebrow":"Interactive scorecard","title":"Score your project in five steps and see the methodology match, credit estimate and indicative price band.","body":"Enter your project basics, pick a methodology, score 19 readiness dimensions, review the credit volume and net revenue at five price scenarios, and receive a Renewable Vision package recommendation. Calculations run in your browser and are saved locally to your device.","ctaStart":"Start the assessment","ctaSimulator":"Open VVB simulator","ctaRegister":"Register your project","ctaRegistry":"Public registry","stepLabel":"Step","steps":["Project basics","Methodology","Readiness","Financials","Recommendation"]},"tracks":{"ruleLabel":"two tracks, one operating model","a":{"tag":"Track A · available now","title":"GCOM project preparation and assurance readiness services","body":"We provide project readiness reviews, PDD and methodology support, digital MRV data rooms, VVB coordination, and carbon asset monetisation support. We sit between project owners and DNA-accredited Validation and Verification Bodies."},"b":{"tag":"Track B · in preparation","title":"Our own accreditation track","body":"Renewable Vision Assurance is being prepared against the GCOM VVB Criteria, Standards and Procedures, alongside ISO 14065 and ISO 17029 management systems. Accreditation is granted by the Designated National Authority only. We are not a DNA-accredited Validation and Verification Body today."}},"servicesGrid":{"eyebrow":"Service portfolio","title":"Five client-facing services. From project intake to credit issuance.","lead":"Every service has a fixed scope, a defined deliverable list and a published indicative price band. All deliverables are produced in audit-grade Arabic and English, version-stamped and source-linked.","serviceLabel":"Service","statusActive":"Active","statusRoadmap":"Roadmap","explore":"Explore service","figCaption":"Service portfolio. Five fixed-scope client engagements, intake to issuance.","items":[{"title":"GCOM Project Readiness Review","description":"We assess whether the project is ready for GCOM validation by reviewing ownership, methodology fit, boundary, baseline, additionality, monitoring plan, SDG contribution, double-counting risk and supporting evidence.","deliverables":["GCOM readiness score","Eligibility memo","Evidence gap list","Additionality risk assessment","Validation-readiness checklist"]},{"title":"PDD and Methodology Support","description":"We help project owners structure the Project Design Document and methodology application before formal validation.","deliverables":["PDD data map","Methodology applicability matrix","Baseline calculation workbook","Project boundary statement","Monitoring plan draft","Supporting evidence index"]},{"title":"Digital MRV Data Room","description":"A secure workspace for monitored data, meter evidence, calibration records, QA/QC procedures, generation data and verification-ready evidence.","deliverables":["Monitoring evidence dashboard","Meter registry","Calibration tracker","Monthly generation uploads","QA/QC log","Audit trail","Monitoring report draft"]},{"title":"VVB Coordination Desk","description":"We prepare the project for engagement with DNA-accredited validation and verification bodies and manage the technical coordination process.","deliverables":["VVB comparison","Conflict-of-interest check support","Validation package","Verification package","Response-to-findings tracker","Corrective action log"]},{"title":"Carbon Asset Monetisation Support","description":"We support project owners in moving from verified mitigation outcomes to issuance and buyer routing.","deliverables":["Issuance-readiness checklist","Credit ownership review","Buyer route analysis","Saudi VCM, bilateral and Article 6 route screening","Net revenue estimate","Buyer teaser"]}]},"futureVvbSection":{"heading":"Our own accreditation track (not a client engagement)","line":"Service 06 describes the impartiality framework, quality-management roadmap, competence map and accreditation document set we are preparing for ourselves. It is not offered as a client engagement and carries no price band. We are not a DNA-accredited Validation and Verification Body today.","serviceLabel":"Service","badge":"Roadmap, not a client engagement","title":"Future Saudi VVB Capability Roadmap","description":"Renewable Vision is preparing the systems, personnel, governance and digital tools that a Saudi validation and verification body would need. Accreditation is granted by the Designated National Authority only.","cta":"See the roadmap"},"journey":{"eyebrow":"Client journey","title":"From project idea to issued credit.","lead":"Ten stages. Each stage is a deliverable we produce, a checkpoint we evidence, or a hand-off we coordinate with a DNA-accredited Validation and Verification Body.","ruleLabel":"ten stages, intake to monetisation","steps":[{"title":"Intake","body":"Client enters project data and uploads ownership evidence."},{"title":"Methodology match","body":"Platform recommends the applicable GCOM methodology (M1 to M5) and the required data."},{"title":"Readiness score","body":"Platform identifies missing items before formal validation."},{"title":"PDD builder","body":"Platform generates a structured PDD draft and evidence index."},{"title":"MRV setup","body":"Monitoring plan, meter registry, calibration tracker, QA/QC log."},{"title":"Validation package","body":"Platform exports a validation-ready package for a DNA-accredited VVB."},{"title":"Monitoring cycle","body":"Client uploads metered data and supporting documents."},{"title":"Verification package","body":"Verification-ready monitoring report and evidence pack."},{"title":"Issuance pathway","body":"Project proceeds through DNA approval and credit issuance."},{"title":"Monetisation","body":"Credits routed to domestic or international buyers, subject to eligibility."}]},"separation":{"eyebrow":"Independence architecture","title":"Advisory and assurance are structurally separate.","lead":"GCOM Criteria section 1.1.2 prohibits the same body from performing both validation and verification of the same project. Renewable Vision separates advisory from assurance in how the work is organised and in the controls applied to it.","hedge":"This is a governance design the company commits to and applies. It is not presented as an audited or externally certified fact.","ruleLabel":"conflict-of-interest firewall","controls":[{"title":"Separate staff","body":"Assurance personnel do not work on the same project as advisory personnel."},{"title":"Separate reporting line","body":"Advisory and assurance report through separate lines, with the assurance line reporting to the independent impartiality review committee."},{"title":"Separate document access","body":"Distinct repositories with role-based access. Cross-access is logged and reviewed."},{"title":"Separate client engagement records","body":"No shared engagement record. Each engagement is filed under its own line of work."},{"title":"Independent review committee","body":"An impartiality review committee, following GCOM Standards section 3.5."},{"title":"Restricted project assignment","body":"Assignment is blocked where an advisory engagement exists on the same project."},{"title":"Automated conflict screening","body":"Run before any assurance engagement is accepted."},{"title":"Declaration before engagement","body":"A signed conflict-of-interest declaration before any assurance work begins."}]},"simulator":{"eyebrow":"Readiness tracker","title":"VVB accreditation readiness simulator","body":"Seven structured tabs mapped to GCOM Criteria, Standards and Procedures: eligibility, impartiality, quality system, human resources, sectoral scopes, accreditation process and the separation model. The simulator tracks Renewable Vision's own preparation. It is not a self-accreditation.","cta":"Open simulator","weightLabel":"Weight","tabs":["Eligibility","Impartiality","Quality system","Human resources","Sectoral scopes","Process","Separation"]},"advantage":{"eyebrow":"Why local assurance capability matters","title":"A Saudi technical layer between project owners, GCOM, accredited VVBs and credit buyers.","lead":"Saudi Arabia's carbon market needs local capability that understands national projects, Arabic and English documentation, GCOM procedures, Saudi industrial context, renewable energy project structures, local grid data and stakeholder expectations.","cards":[{"title":"Saudi regulatory and operating context","body":"We work in the Saudi regulatory, financial and operating context: published GCOM procedure, Arabic and English audit documentation, and the tender and disclosure record we track on RV Intelligence."},{"title":"Audit-grade documentation","body":"All deliverables produced in audit-grade Arabic and English. PDD, monitoring reports, validation files, verification packages."},{"title":"Digital MRV evidence collection","body":"A purpose-built data room with meter registry, calibration tracker, QA/QC log and audit trail, all version-stamped and source-linked."},{"title":"Faster project preparation for VVB review","body":"We run the validation-readiness checklist before the engagement starts, so findings are addressed earlier. Less rework, less calendar time."}]},"packages":{"eyebrow":"Commercial packages","title":"Six packages with published scope and indicative price bands.","lead":"Final scope is confirmed after intake. Bands are indicative and reflect typical Saudi engagements as of May 2026.","packageLabel":"Package","cta":"Request scoping call","items":[{"name":"GCOM Readiness Diagnostic","price":"SAR 25,000 to 75,000","output":"Readiness score, methodology match, risk matrix, evidence checklist."},{"name":"Validation-Ready PDD Package","price":"SAR 75,000 to 250,000","output":"PDD support, baseline calculation, additionality narrative, monitoring plan, evidence index."},{"name":"Digital MRV Data Room","price":"SAR 50,000 to 150,000 per project per year","output":"Secure data room, meter records, monitoring evidence, report draft, audit trail."},{"name":"Portfolio Carbon Asset Program","price":"SAR 250,000 to 750,000","output":"Portfolio screening, project prioritisation, revenue estimate, VVB and buyer route plan."},{"name":"VVB Saudi Technical Support Package","price":"Retainer plus project fee","output":"Local project coordination, Arabic and English documentation, site evidence preparation, technical review support."},{"name":"Future VVB Accreditation Buildout","price":"Internal roadmap, not a client engagement","output":"Quality management system, competence matrix, impartiality framework, procedures, accreditation document set."}]},"marketplace":{"eyebrow":"Verification bodies","title":"Accredited verification bodies operating in this market.","lead":"A reference list of DNA- and CDM-recognised bodies. Renewable Vision has no partnership, agency or joint-venture arrangement with any of them; project owners appoint their own Validation and Verification Body. We coordinate the engagement and prepare the package.","note":"Public information only, taken from each body's own published material. Renewable Vision does not endorse any Validation and Verification Body, and the list is a starting point for your own due diligence.","cta":"See the full reference list","items":[{"name":"DNV","region":"Norway · global"},{"name":"Bureau Veritas","region":"France · global"},{"name":"TUV NORD","region":"Germany · global"},{"name":"SGS","region":"Switzerland · global"},{"name":"LRQA","region":"United Kingdom · global"},{"name":"Earthood Services","region":"India"}]},"partnerCtas":{"eyebrow":"Work with Renewable Vision","title":"Four ways to engage.","forLabel":"For","items":[{"audience":"Project owners","line":"Prepare your project before validation.","cta":"Request a readiness diagnostic"},{"audience":"Verification bodies","line":"Use Renewable Vision as your Saudi technical and MRV preparation support.","cta":"Request the technical support brief"},{"audience":"Buyers","line":"Register interest in Saudi carbon projects as they reach issuance readiness.","cta":"Join the buyer interest list"},{"audience":"Government and institutions","line":"Build carbon market capacity with a digital MRV platform designed around the GCOM procedure.","cta":"Request a capability briefing"}]},"whyClientsPay":{"risksEyebrow":"Why clients engage us","risksTitle":"We reduce the risks that delay or derail a GCOM project.","risks":["Uncertainty before GCOM submission","Missing documentation","Validation delays","Verification findings","Poor evidence management","Buyer confidence risk","Revenue uncertainty"],"gainsEyebrow":"What clients gain","gainsTitle":"An audit-ready path from project idea to issued credit.","gains":["Faster readiness","Clearer methodology selection","Audit-ready data","Better VVB coordination","Stronger buyer confidence","More credible carbon asset valuation"]}},"assuranceServices":{"readinessReview":{"navLabel":"GCOM Project Readiness Review","meta":{"title":"GCOM Project Readiness Review","description":"A structured review of project ownership, methodology fit, boundary, baseline, additionality, monitoring plan and evidence, so gaps are found before a VVB engagement begins."},"header":{"eyebrow":"Service 01 · Carbon · RV Assurance","title":"GCOM Project Readiness Review.","standfirst":"A structured 19-dimension readiness assessment against the GCOM rulebook, scored and documented with a prioritised remediation plan."}},"pddMethodology":{"navLabel":"PDD and Methodology Support","meta":{"title":"PDD and Methodology Support","description":"Support structuring the Project Design Document and methodology application before formal validation: boundary, baseline, additionality narrative, monitoring plan and evidence index."},"header":{"eyebrow":"Service 02 · Carbon · RV Assurance","title":"PDD and Methodology Support.","standfirst":"We help structure the Project Design Document and methodology application on the GCOM PDD form, before the document reaches a Validation and Verification Body."}},"mrvDataRoom":{"navLabel":"Digital MRV Data Room","meta":{"title":"Digital MRV Data Room","description":"A secure workspace for monitored data, meter evidence, calibration records and QA/QC procedures, organised the way a VVB reviews evidence."},"header":{"eyebrow":"Service 03 · Carbon · RV Assurance","title":"Digital MRV Data Room.","standfirst":"A secure workspace for monitoring evidence, meter registries, calibration records and QA/QC logs, version-stamped and source-linked."}},"vvbCoordination":{"navLabel":"VVB Coordination Desk","meta":{"title":"VVB Coordination Desk","description":"Support preparing a project for engagement with a DNA-accredited Validation and Verification Body and coordinating the technical process."},"header":{"eyebrow":"Service 04 · Carbon · RV Assurance","title":"VVB Coordination Desk.","standfirst":"We prepare the project for engagement with a DNA-accredited Validation and Verification Body and coordinate the technical process, from shortlist to response tracking."}},"assetMonetization":{"navLabel":"Carbon Asset Monetisation Support","meta":{"title":"Carbon Asset Monetisation Support","description":"Support for project owners moving from verified mitigation outcomes to credit issuance and buyer routing."},"header":{"eyebrow":"Service 05 · Carbon · RV Assurance","title":"Carbon Asset Monetisation Support.","standfirst":"Support moving from verified mitigation outcomes to issuance and buyer routing, with route screening and a net revenue estimate."}},"futureVvb":{"navLabel":"Future Saudi VVB Capability Roadmap","meta":{"title":"Future Saudi VVB Capability Roadmap","description":"Renewable Vision's own roadmap toward a future Saudi VVB candidacy, prepared for our own Assurance entity and shared with institutions building similar capability."},"header":{"eyebrow":"Service 06 · Carbon · RV Assurance","title":"Future Saudi VVB Capability Roadmap.","standfirst":"Our own accreditation track, not a client engagement. This page describes the impartiality framework, quality-management roadmap, competence map and accreditation document set we are preparing for ourselves."},"aboveFoldLine":"Service 06 describes the impartiality framework, quality-management roadmap, competence map and accreditation document set we are preparing for ourselves. It is not offered as a client engagement and carries no price band. We are not a DNA-accredited Validation and Verification Body today."}},"vvbSimulator":{"navLabel":"VVB Accreditation Readiness Simulator","meta":{"title":"VVB Accreditation Readiness Simulator","description":"A live tracker of Renewable Vision's own path toward Saudi VVB candidacy across seven GCOM-mapped dimensions. Not a self-accreditation."},"header":{"eyebrow":"Carbon · RV Assurance","title":"VVB Accreditation Readiness Simulator.","standfirst":"Seven structured tabs mapped to GCOM Criteria, Standards and Procedures. This simulator tracks Renewable Vision's own path — it is not a self-accreditation."}},"marketplace":{"navLabel":"VVB Marketplace","meta":{"title":"VVB Service Provider Marketplace","description":"A neutral, filterable view of accredited and internationally recognised Validation and Verification Bodies for Saudi GCOM projects."},"header":{"eyebrow":"Carbon · RV Assurance","title":"VVB service provider marketplace.","standfirst":"A neutral, filterable view of accredited and internationally recognised Validation and Verification Bodies that can validate or verify Saudi projects. We do not endorse any individual partner."}},"assess":{"navLabel":"Project Assessment Engine","meta":{"title":"Project Assessment Engine","description":"An interactive five-step project assessment: project basics, methodology match, readiness scorecard, financial estimate and a package recommendation."},"header":{"eyebrow":"Carbon · RV Assurance","title":"Project assessment engine.","standfirst":"Enter project basics, pick a methodology, score readiness across 19 dimensions, and see an indicative credit volume and net revenue. Saved locally to your browser."}},"registry":{"navLabel":"Public Registry","meta":{"title":"Public Registry","description":"Non-confidential information on projects registered on the Renewable Vision assurance platform, and projects open for stakeholder comment."},"header":{"eyebrow":"Carbon · RV Assurance","title":"Public registry and open consultations.","standfirst":"This is a platform tracking ledger, not the registry of record. The official registry is the GCOM registry operated by the Saudi Designated National Authority."}},"portal":{"root":{"navLabel":"Client Portal","meta":{"title":"Client Portal","description":"Sign in to manage your registered carbon project, monitoring periods, documents and credit holdings on the Renewable Vision assurance platform."},"header":{"eyebrow":"Carbon · RV Assurance","title":"Client portal.","standfirst":"Manage your registered projects, monitoring periods, documents and credit holdings."}},"login":{"navLabel":"Portal Sign In","meta":{"title":"Portal Sign In","description":"Sign in to the Renewable Vision assurance client portal with a secure email link."},"header":{"eyebrow":"Carbon · RV Assurance","title":"Sign in to the client portal.","standfirst":"Enter your work email and we will send you a secure sign-in link."}},"onboarding":{"navLabel":"Register Your Company","meta":{"title":"Register Your Company","description":"Register your company as a project proponent on the Renewable Vision assurance platform."},"header":{"eyebrow":"Carbon · RV Assurance","title":"Register your company.","standfirst":"Per GCOM requirements, the project proponent must be a legal entity with the right to control and operate the mitigation activity in Saudi Arabia."}},"admin":{"navLabel":"Review Console","meta":{"title":"Portal Review Console","description":"Internal review console for registered projects and monitoring periods on the Renewable Vision assurance platform."},"header":{"eyebrow":"Carbon · RV Assurance","title":"Review console.","standfirst":"Internal queue for project and monitoring-period review."}},"newProject":{"navLabel":"New Project","meta":{"title":"New Project","description":"Register a new carbon project on the Renewable Vision assurance platform."},"header":{"eyebrow":"Carbon · RV Assurance","title":"New project.","standfirst":"GCOM step 1 — preparation and planning."}},"projectDetail":{"navLabel":"Project Detail","meta":{"title":"Project Detail","description":"Manage documents, monitoring periods and validation status for a registered project."},"header":{"eyebrow":"Carbon · RV Assurance","title":"Project detail.","standfirst":"Documents, monitoring periods and status for this project."}}}}},"legalPages":{"terms":{"eyebrow":"Legal","breadcrumb":"Terms of use","standfirst":"These terms govern use of renewablevision.com.sa. They set out what the site's content is for, what is protected, and which law applies.","meta":{"title":"Terms of use","description":"Terms governing use of the Renewable Vision website: content and accuracy, intellectual property, and governing law."}},"privacy":{"eyebrow":"Legal","breadcrumb":"Privacy policy","title":"Privacy policy","standfirst":"What personal data Renewable Vision holds, why, on what basis, for how long, who processes it, where, and how to exercise your rights under the Saudi Personal Data Protection Law.","meta":{"title":"Privacy policy","description":"How Renewable Vision collects, uses, keeps and protects personal data under the Saudi Personal Data Protection Law: members, subscribers, enquiries, API keys and site visits, the processors involved, transfers outside the Kingdom and your rights."},"effective":"This version takes effect on {date}.","controller":{"heading":"Who is responsible for your data","body":"The controller of the personal data this policy describes is {name}, a company registered in the {country} and based in {city}. Write to {email} about anything in this policy, or use the privacy request form."},"law":{"heading":"The law this policy follows","body":"This policy follows the Personal Data Protection Law of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and its implementing regulations, together the PDPL. It covers this website, the membership and the API it offers, the lists it keeps and the messages it sends."},"collect":{"heading":"What we collect","intro":"Only what the site’s forms, sign-in and pages collect, listed by where it comes from.","groups":[{"title":"Members","items":["Your full name, checked against a real-name rule when you join.","Your email address or mobile number: your sign-in identifier, and where one-time codes are sent.","Your passcode, which the sign-in provider holds only as a salted hash. The site never stores it in readable form.","Passkeys you add: the public key, a name, the device type and when each was last used. The private key stays with you.","Your profile: organisation, job title, sector, country and the purposes you use the data for, chosen from fixed lists; your language; and whether you asked for updates by email.","When you joined, the channel you joined through, the page you joined from, any campaign tags in its address, and when you accepted the terms.","Your activity: sign-ins, the dashboards you open and the datasets you export, each with its date and page.","Your watchlist, your change-alert choices and when an alert was last sent to you.","API keys, if you create any: a name, the first eight characters, a one-way hash of the key, its daily allowance, daily request counts, and when it was last used or revoked.","Questions you ask RV Analyst are sent to the provider named under processors to compose the answer. The site does not store them."]},{"title":"The RV Plus and RV X list","items":["Your name, work email, organisation, the tier and materials you chose, your language, the page you registered from and when you consented.","Whether you are subscribed, and the delivery, open, click and bounce events the email provider reports for the messages sent to you."]},{"title":"Enquiries and requests","items":["The contact form: name, email, phone if given, organisation, role, the kind of enquiry, the optional project details you choose to add, your message, your language and the page you wrote from.","Data-licence requests: name, email, organisation, role, the licence and datasets requested, and the use described.","Expert Panel applications: name, email, phone, city, public profile page, disciplines, sectors, years of experience, a professional licence number if given, and your summary. Briefs to the panel: organisation, contact name, email, phone, the question, the deadline and the budget band.","Privacy requests: the type, your email address and the details you give."]},{"title":"Business contacts","items":["For business correspondence with professionals in the energy sector, the company keeps a list of names, work email addresses, job titles, employers and their details, cities and public profile pages, taken from a business-contact database.","Every message carries a removal link. An address that asks to be removed is deleted from the list and kept on a removal list with the date and nothing else, so that it is never written to again."]}]},"usage":{"heading":"Visits to the site","body":"$1f"},"purposes":{"heading":"Why we use it, and on what basis","items":["To provide the membership, dashboards, exports, API keys, alerts and watchlist you asked for, and to verify your identifier: the consent you give when you join, and the service you asked for.","To keep accounts and the site secure, with rate limits, one-time codes and audit records: the company’s legitimate interest in protecting the service and the people who use it.","To answer an enquiry, a licence request, an Expert Panel application or brief, or a privacy request: your request.","To send the RV Plus and RV X materials, the weekly digest and, only if you opt in, news of new datasets: your consent, which you can withdraw at any time.","To count visits in aggregate: the company’s legitimate interest in running the site. The optional cookie and third-party analytics: your consent, given by choosing “Accept all”.","Business correspondence with professionals in the sector: the company’s legitimate interest, with a removal link in every message.","To meet a legal obligation, or a lawful request from a competent authority."],"notSold":"Personal data is never sold."},"retention":{"heading":"How long we keep it","intro":"As the site is built today. Where nothing deletes data automatically, it is kept until deletion is requested.","items":["Member records, profiles, passkeys, watchlists, alert choices and API keys: until you delete your account from the account page, or ask us to.","Account activity: when an account is deleted, its activity records lose the link to the member and remain only as anonymous counts.","The RV Plus and RV X list: until you ask for deletion. Leaving the list marks your entry unsubscribed, so that nothing more is sent to you.","Enquiries, licence requests, Expert Panel applications and briefs: until deletion is requested.","Visit records: no end date is set. They hold no name or address, and the visitor keys cannot be traced to a person. The optional rv_vid cookie lasts 400 days in your browser.","Business contacts: until the address is removed. The removal list is kept so that the address is not contacted again.","Privacy requests: kept as the record that each request was answered."]},"processors":{"heading":"Who processes it for us","intro":"These providers process personal data on the company’s behalf, each for the task named.","items":["Supabase: the database, sign-in and file storage. The site’s database is hosted in Supabase’s eu-central-1 region, in Frankfurt, Germany, as recorded in the site’s configuration.","Vercel: hosting the site and running its server functions; Speed Insights, which measures how fast pages load, on every visit and without a cookie; and Vercel Web Analytics, only after “Accept all”.","Resend: sending the site’s email, and reporting delivery, opens, clicks and bounces.","Twilio: delivering one-time codes by SMS, through the sign-in provider, when you verify a mobile number.","Anthropic: composing RV Analyst’s answers. A member’s question and the conversation are sent to it for that purpose.","Google: Google Analytics, only where it is configured and you choose “Accept all”; and Google sign-in, only if you choose it.","LinkedIn: sign-in, only if you choose it."]},"transfer":{"heading":"Transfers outside the Kingdom","body":"These providers run their services on their own infrastructure, largely outside Saudi Arabia. The site’s database is hosted in the European Union, in Frankfurt, and the other providers process data in the regions they publish. Personal data held by the site is therefore transferred outside the Kingdom. The company relies on the contractual safeguards in each provider’s data-processing terms for these transfers."},"rights":{"heading":"Your rights","intro":"Under the PDPL you have the right:","items":["To be told what personal data is collected, why and on what basis. This policy states it.","To access the data held about you.","To receive a copy of it in a readable, commonly used format.","To have it corrected, completed or updated.","To have it deleted when it is no longer needed, or when you ask, unless the law requires it to be kept.","To withdraw a consent you gave, at any time. This does not affect what was done before.","To complain to the Saudi Data and AI Authority."],"how":"To exercise a right, use the privacy request form or write to {email}. A member can delete their account at once from the account page; a subscriber can leave the list at /unsubscribe; anyone who received business correspondence can use the removal link in it. 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Several old addresses now redirect automatically; this one did not match.","pillarsHeading":"Start from one of the three pillars","pillars":{"projects":{"title":"Projects & Development","body":"Low-carbon energy and carbon projects developed with industrial hosts, and how development runs."},"data":{"title":"Data & Intelligence","body":"Sourced dashboards on Saudi renewables, global CCUS and Saudi data-centre load."},"studies":{"title":"Studies & Advisory","body":"Market, feasibility and techno-economic studies for energy and industrial decisions."}},"more":{"carbon":"Carbon","carbonNote":"Carbon project development, conversion pathways, and MRV and GCOM readiness support.","about":"About","aboutNote":"Legal identity, governance and selected engagements.","insights":"Insights","insightsNote":"Articles and publications on the Saudi and GCC energy transition.","contact":"Contact","contactNote":"Get in touch or request a proposal."},"directLine":"If you followed a link from elsewhere, email contact@renewablevision.com.sa and we will point you to the right page."}},"projects":{"meta":{"title":"Projects & Development","description":"How Renewable Vision develops renewable and low-carbon energy projects in Saudi Arabia: hydrogen and clean fuels, industrial decarbonisation, carbon capture-to-value, and the six-stage development model behind them."},"header":{"eyebrow":"Projects & Development","title":"We develop renewable and low-carbon energy projects.","standfirst":"Hydrogen and clean fuels, industrial decarbonisation and carbon capture-to-value projects with Saudi industrial hosts, from source screening to monetisation.","backdropAlt":"A pipeline corridor running across desert terrain at dawn."},"whatWeDevelop":{"eyebrow":"Scope","title":"What we develop","standfirst":"Three development tracks. 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Verification is always carried out by independent accredited bodies.","independenceLabel":"Independence"},"cta":{"title":"Have a CO2 source, a site, or capital to place?","standfirst":"Tell us the asset, the sector and the constraint. We reply with what the screening stage would cover, what we would need from you, and what it would cost."},"related":{"studiesNote":"The six study types, and how an engagement is scoped and priced.","carbonNote":"Conversion pathways, MRV and assurance, on one page.","dataNote":"The dashboards and data behind the screening work."}},"plus":{"meta":{"title":"RV Plus and RV X","description":"Two subscriber tiers on the Renewable Vision data platform. RV Plus: quarterly Saudi energy briefings, monthly data digests, release notes, chart packs and early access. RV X: quarterly data packs, private analyst briefings, priority custom datasets and pre-release notes."},"header":{"eyebrow":"Coming soon","title":"More content, more data, direct access.","standfirst":"Free membership is live and stays free: it opens every dashboard. RV Plus and RV X are paid tiers launching later. RV Plus adds the materials we write from the dashboards; RV X adds the data itself and the analysts behind it. 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This site counts the register’s stage, because the Principal Buyer contracts the power and signs off commercial operation; the tracker’s reading stays published here.","completion":"Completion year","completionNote":"As published; a year still ahead is a stated target","procurement":"Procurement route","procurementPif":"Public Investment Fund programme","procurementRound":"National Renewable Energy Program, round {round}","tenderYear":"Tender year","developers":"Developers and published equity shares","developersNote":"Shares as the developers publish them; a company without a share has not published one","developersNone":"No developer is named in the tracker yet","grid":"Grid","gridOn":"National grid project","gridOff":"Dedicated system, off the national grid","location":"Location","locationNote":"Locality and region only; plant coordinates are not published","lcoe":"Levelised cost of electricity, as tendered","lcoeValue":"{value} US cents per kWh","lcoeNote":"As published in the KAPSARC dashboard, snapshot {date}","generation":"Annual generation, modelled","generationValue":"{mwh} MWh a year","generationNote":"Modelled in the tracker as capacity × 8,760 hours × a {cf}% capacity factor. 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This site publishes locality and region only: plant coordinates are confidential and are not shown on this page, in its data or in its API."},"watch":{"add":"Watch this project","remove":"Stop watching this project","memberNote":"Projects you watch are listed on your account page.","visitorTitle":"Watch this project","visitorBody":"Free membership lets you keep a watchlist of projects and read the full tracker, its map and its export.","join":"Join free membership","signIn":"Sign in"},"related":{"tracker":"Every tracked project, with the map and the filters","brief":"Weekly brief, {week}","briefNote":"The latest brief names this project","reportNote":"Report, compiled {date}","companies":"Every developer and shareholder in the tracker","json":"This project as JSON","jsonNote":"The same record from the open API, with its source and date"}},"company":{"meta":{"title":"{name}: Saudi renewables portfolio","description":"{name} in the Saudi Renewables Tracker: {projects, plural, one {# project} other {# projects}} and {mw} MW, with stage, technology and published equity share per project, each with its source."},"eyebrow":"Company","standfirst":"{name} is named as a developer or shareholder on {projects, plural, one {# project} other {# projects}} in the Saudi Renewables Tracker, {mw} MW in total.","stats":{"operating":"Operating","construction":"Under construction","tendered":"Tendered","attributable":"Attributable by published equity share","projects":"{projects, plural, one {# project} other {# projects}}","attributableNote":"Projects that publish a share: {withShare} of {total}; the others are not counted","source":"Saudi Renewables Tracker, stage per the Principal Buyer register, {date}"},"portfolio":{"eyebrow":"Portfolio","title":"Projects that name this company","caption":"Capacity is the whole project’s; the share is the equity the developers publish.","columns":{"project":"Project","mw":"MW","share":"Share","attributable":"Attributable MW","tech":"Technology","stage":"Stage","year":"Year"}},"mix":{"eyebrow":"Technology mix","title":"Capacity by technology","columns":{"tech":"Technology","projects":"Projects","mw":"MW","share":"Share of portfolio MW"}},"changes":{"eyebrow":"What changed","title":"Recent changes across its projects","empty":"Changes to these projects appear here once the change ledger records one.","ledger":"The full change ledger"},"related":{"tracker":"Every tracked project, with the map and the filters","companies":"Every developer and shareholder in the tracker","reportNote":"Report, compiled {date}","json":"This company as JSON","jsonNote":"The same portfolio from the open API, with its source and date"}},"companies":{"meta":{"title":"Companies in the Saudi Renewables Tracker","description":"Every developer and shareholder named in the Saudi Renewables Tracker, its captive and corporate segment and the GCC Renewables Tracker, with project count, capacity by stage and capacity attributable by published equity share."},"crumb":"Companies","eyebrow":"Saudi Renewables Tracker","title":"Developers and shareholders in Saudi and GCC renewables.","standfirst":"Companies named: {companies}, across {projects} tracked projects. Each company’s spellings are read as one name, and each company links to its portfolio.","columns":{"company":"Company","projects":"Projects","total":"Total MW","operating":"Operating MW","attributable":"Attributable MW"},"note":"Total MW counts each project’s whole capacity for every company named on it, so totals are not summed across companies. Attributable MW multiplies capacity by the equity share the developers publish, and counts only projects that publish one."},"ledger":{"columns":{"date":"Date","project":"Project","change":"Change","values":"Before and after","source":"Source"},"fields":{"status":"Stage","capacity_mw":"Contracted capacity","completion_year":"Commercial operation year"},"sources":{"sppc":"Principal Buyer register","tracker":"Saudi Renewables Tracker"}}},"developers":{"meta":{"title":"Developers: the Renewable Vision data API","description":"Official registers, mirrored series, the change ledger, the weekly brief, the report library and model outputs as JSON and over MCP. Keyless for most routes; the Energy Atlas’s layers need a free member key, and a free key adds a daily allowance and a usage count."},"crumb":"Developers","header":{"eyebrow":"Developers","title":"The data behind the dashboards, for your own code.","standfirst":"Every register, series and computed figure the dashboards read is served from this domain as JSON, and over the Model Context Protocol for AI assistants. Most routes need no key; the Energy Atlas’s layers are free with membership and need a member’s key. A free key adds a daily allowance of its own and a count of what it has used.","primary":"Get a free API key","quiet":"Request a data licence"},"contents":{"label":"On this page","overview":"Overview","authentication":"Authentication","limits":"Limits","endpoints":"Endpoints","examples":"Code examples","mcp":"MCP","attribution":"Attribution","changelog":"Changelog","console":"Console","sdks":"Client libraries","webhooks":"Webhooks","downloads":"Bulk downloads"},"overview":{"eyebrow":"Overview","title":"What the API serves.","standfirst":"The same rows the dashboards draw, with the publisher, unit and period on every series and the source on every computed figure.","items":{"registers":{"term":"Official registers","value":"The Principal Buyer’s renewable project register, the SHARAKAT water portfolio and the Saudi Water Authority open-data catalogue, mirrored weekly, and each rebuilt for a past date from the change ledger."},"series":{"term":"Mirrored series","value":"{count} series from the KAPSARC Energy Data Portal and the publishers each one names: load, capacity, tariffs, desalination, oil balance, prices and more, every point with its period, region and unit."},"ledger":{"term":"Change ledger and schedule","value":"Every row-level change in a register or series with the value on both sides, and what is expected to refresh next."},"models":{"term":"Model outputs","value":"The power balance against the 2030 target, the oil balance model under named scenarios, and the week ahead for the solar fleet. Modelled figures say so in the response."},"publications":{"term":"Publications","value":"The weekly brief, one permanent address per ISO week, and the report library with each report’s definitions and sources."}},"keylessTitle":"Without a key","keylessBody":"Every route but the Energy Atlas’s layers answers any caller, as it always has. Requests are limited per address, in memory, over ten-minute windows. Responses may be served from the edge cache.","keyedTitle":"With a free key","keyedBody":"A daily allowance that no other caller behind the same address shares, a count of today’s requests on your account page, and responses that always come from the origin. Keys are issued to free members.","catalogue":"Every dataset, its source and its licence are listed in the data catalogue."},"auth":{"eyebrow":"Authentication","title":"A key is optional for most routes. Send it in one of two headers.","standfirst":"Create a key on your account page. It is shown once, when you create it: store it where your code reads secrets, and revoke it from the same page if it is exposed.","headersTitle":"Either header","membersTitle":"The Energy Atlas’s layers need a member key","membersBody":"The atlas’s project layer (/api/data/atlas), the resource grid (/api/data/resource/grid), the GCC country series (/api/data/gcc-series), the Saudi tracker file (/data/saudi-renewables.json) and the MCP tools that read them are free with membership. Send a member’s key, or call them from the site while signed in. Without either, the answer is 401 membersOnly, with the reason in English and Arabic and a link to join.","errorsTitle":"A key that is sent must be valid","errorsBody":"A request that carries a key is answered with 401 when the key is malformed, unknown or revoked, rather than quietly served without it. The body names the reason. Remove the header to fall back to the anonymous limit, on every route but the members-only ones.","secretNote":"Keep keys on a server. A key in browser code is readable by anyone who opens the page.","cta":"Create a key"},"limits":{"eyebrow":"Limits","title":"Allowances by caller.","standfirst":"Limits keep the service available to every caller. Anonymous calls are limited per address over ten minutes; a key is limited per UTC day.","columns":{"caller":"Caller","routes":"Routes","allowance":"Allowance","counted":"Counted by"},"anonymous":"Without a key","free":"Free key","licensed":"Licensed key","perWindow":"{max} requests per {minutes} minutes","perDay":"{max} requests per UTC day","perLicence":"Set by the licence","allRoutes":"All metered routes","byAddress":"Address, per server instance","byKey":"Key, across all instances","headersTitle":"Every metered response says where you stand","headers":{"limit":"The allowance in the current window.","remaining":"Requests left after this one.","reset":"When the window starts again, in epoch seconds. For a key, the next 00:00 UTC.","retryAfter":"On a 429 only: seconds to wait."},"overTitle":"Over the limit","overBody":"The answer is 429 with a JSON body that names the limit: its scope, its tier, the allowance, the window and when it resets.","cacheNote":"Anonymous responses can be served from the edge cache, which neither counts them nor refreshes their headers. Keyed responses are marked private and always reach the origin, so every one is counted."},"endpoints":{"eyebrow":"Endpoints","title":"Every public route, from the OpenAPI document.","standfirst":"This reference is rendered from the same OpenAPI 3.1 document a code generator reads. Download it to generate a client, or import it into an API tool.","download":"OpenAPI 3.1 document","columns":{"endpoint":"Endpoint","description":"What it returns","parameters":"Parameters","fields":"Response fields"},"metered":"Metered","notMetered":"Not metered","required":"required","inBody":"body","cite":"Cite from","none":"None","tags":{"Data":"Data","Publications":"Publications","Search":"Search","MCP":"MCP","Media":"Cards and properties","Developers":"Developer routes","Site":"Site forms"},"siteNote":"Site forms serve this site’s own pages. 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Without it the endpoint answers under the per-address limit, and the tools that read the Energy Atlas’s layers (search_projects over the Saudi, captive, GCC and data-centre trackers, and gcc_series) refuse, because they are free with membership.","discovery":"Discovery record"},"attribution":{"eyebrow":"Attribution","title":"Cite the publisher and Renewable Vision.","standfirst":"Every figure has two sources to name: the body that published it, and this platform, which compiled, mirrored or computed it.","rules":["Name the original publisher given in the response, and Renewable Vision, with the page the response links to.","Give the date the figure is true as of, from the response, not the date you fetched it.","Keep a modelled figure labelled as modelled. The response says which figures are.","Third-party series keep their publishers’ licences. Where the upstream terms are non-commercial, so is any reuse.","Renewable Vision compilations are CC BY-NC 4.0 unless a licence says otherwise."],"licensing":"Licences and upstream terms"},"changelog":{"eyebrow":"Changelog","title":"What changed, and when.","standfirst":"Routes are added without changing the ones already published. A change a caller could notice is listed here.","columns":{"date":"Date","change":"Change","routes":"Routes"},"all":"The same entries, with the rest of the platform’s changes, on the changelog"},"licence":{"title":"Need to use the data commercially, or redistribute it?","body":"Research, internal commercial use and redistribution are licensed separately, each with its own scope and attribution. A licence cannot override an upstream licence, and the licensing page says which datasets carry non-commercial upstream terms.","cta":"Request a data licence"},"related":{"developers":{"label":"Developer guide","note":"Endpoints, keys, limits and code examples."},"licensing":{"label":"Data licensing","note":"Licence types, upstream terms and the request form."},"catalogue":{"label":"Data catalogue","note":"Every dataset with its source and licence."},"methodology":{"label":"Methodology","note":"How the figures are compiled; modelled against observed."},"integrations":{"label":"Integrations","note":"Every upstream source, its licence, cadence and health."}},"licensing":{"meta":{"title":"Data licensing","description":"Research, internal commercial use and redistribution licences for Renewable Vision data, the upstream licence behind every dataset, and the request form."},"crumb":"Licensing","header":{"eyebrow":"Data licensing","title":"What a licence covers, and what it cannot.","standfirst":"The public API is open to every caller under the attribution rules; the Energy Atlas’s layers are free with membership. A licence is for use beyond them: commercial use of Renewable Vision compilations, or redistribution. Terms are agreed after a request has been reviewed.","primary":"Request a licence"},"rule":{"title":"An upstream licence always stands.","body":"A licence from Renewable Vision covers what Renewable Vision holds the rights to: its compilations, its computed figures and its change history. It cannot override the licence of an upstream publisher, and it cannot grant commercial use of data the publisher released for non-commercial use only.","nonCommercial":"Datasets with non-commercial upstream terms:","nonCommercialNote":"Commercial use of these needs the upstream publisher’s own permission. A request that names them is reviewed for research use only."},"open":{"title":"What needs no licence","body":"Reading the API, with or without a key, and citing figures in research, journalism and analysis, with attribution to the publisher and Renewable Vision. Renewable Vision compilations are CC BY-NC 4.0 unless stated."},"types":{"eyebrow":"Licence types","title":"Three licences, by use.","standfirst":"Each is scoped to named datasets and a stated use. The scope and the attribution are written into the licence.","scope":"Scope","attribution":"Attribution","excludes":"Does not cover","research":{"title":"Research","scope":"Non-commercial research, teaching and publication by a named institution or team, including bulk access beyond the API limits.","attribution":"The publisher and Renewable Vision, in every publication that uses the data.","excludes":"Commercial use, and redistribution of the data itself."},"internal":{"title":"Internal commercial use","scope":"Use inside one organisation for analysis, decisions and internal reporting, by named users or systems, with a licensed key sized to the use.","attribution":"In any output shared outside the organisation.","excludes":"Datasets with non-commercial upstream terms, and making the data available to anyone outside the organisation."},"redistribution":{"title":"Redistribution","scope":"Including named datasets in a product, service or dataset delivered to third parties, through the channels the licence names.","attribution":"Carried with the data to every recipient, together with the upstream publisher’s attribution.","excludes":"Datasets whose upstream terms forbid it, and any dataset the licence does not name."},"other":{"title":"Something else","body":"A use that none of the three describes. Say what it is in the request."}},"upstream":{"eyebrow":"Upstream licences","title":"The licence behind every dataset.","standfirst":"Read from the data catalogue: what each upstream licence lets a Renewable Vision licence cover, then every dataset with the licence it carries.","scopesTitle":"What a licence can cover, by upstream licence","tableCaption":"Every dataset and its upstream licence","columns":{"dataset":"Dataset","source":"Source","licence":"Upstream licence","commercial":"Commercial licence from Renewable Vision"},"nonCommercial":"Non-commercial upstream"},"request":{"eyebrow":"Request","title":"Request a data licence.","standfirst":"Say who the licence is for, which datasets and how they will be used. The request is reviewed and answered by email; nothing is sent to you automatically.","form":{"name":"Full name","email":"Work email","organisation":"Organisation","role":"Role","type":"Licence type","select":"Select","datasets":"Datasets","datasetsHint":"Choose every dataset the licence should name.","useCase":"Intended use","useCaseHint":"What the data will be used for, by whom, and where the results will appear. At least 40 characters.","consent":"I agree that Renewable Vision may use these details to answer this request, as the privacy policy describes.","submit":"Send the request","submitting":"Sending…","error":"The request was not sent. Check the fields and try again.","tooMany":"Several requests were sent from this address in the last few minutes. Try again shortly.","nonCommercialFlag":"Non-commercial upstream"}},"received":{"meta":{"title":"Licence request received","description":"Your data-licence request has been received."},"crumb":"Request received","eyebrow":"Data licensing","title":"Your request has been received.","standfirst":"It is read by a person, who answers by email with the questions that decide the scope, or with the proposed terms. No automatic email is sent.","back":"Back to the developer guide","licensing":"Back to licensing"}},"account":{"meta":{"title":"API keys","description":"Create, copy and revoke your Renewable Vision API keys, and see today’s usage against each key’s allowance."},"crumb":"API keys","header":{"eyebrow":"Account","title":"API keys","standfirst":"Keys are optional for most routes and needed for the Energy Atlas’s layers. A key gives your code a daily allowance of its own and shows here how much of it has been used today."},"visitor":{"eyebrow":"Free membership","title":"API keys are issued to free members.","body":"Verify your email address or mobile number once, choose a passcode, and create keys from this page. Most routes also answer without a key, under a per-address limit; the Energy Atlas’s layers answer members only.","benefits":{"allowance":"{max} requests per UTC day per key, shared with no one else","usage":"Today’s count against each key’s allowance","revoke":"Revoke and replace a key at any time"},"docs":"Read the developer guide"},"keys":{"title":"Your keys","standfirst":"The full key is shown only once, when it is created. The list keeps its first characters so you can tell keys apart.","empty":"Your keys appear here. Create one with a name that says where it is used.","columns":{"name":"Name","key":"Key","created":"Created","lastUsed":"Last used","today":"Today","status":"Status"},"never":"Not yet","active":"Active","revoked":"Revoked","tier":{"free":"Free","licensed":"Licensed"},"usage":"{used} of {limit}","revoke":"Revoke","revokeConfirm":"Revoke the key “{name}”? Requests that send it will be refused within a minute.","revoking":"Revoking…"},"create":{"title":"Create a key","name":"Key name","namePlaceholder":"e.g. Nightly import","submit":"Create key","submitting":"Creating…","max":"A member can hold {max} active keys. Revoke one to create another.","shownTitle":"Copy your new key now.","shownWarning":"This is the only time the full key is shown. Store it where your code reads secrets. If it is lost, revoke it and create another.","copy":"Copy key","copied":"Copied","done":"I have stored it"},"errors":{"generic":"The request did not complete. Try again in a moment.","tooManyKeys":"You already hold the most active keys a member can. Revoke one first.","notConfigured":"Keys are not available on this server yet.","tooManyRequests":"Several keys were created in the last few minutes. Try again shortly."},"limitsTitle":"Allowance","limitsBody":"A free key allows {max} requests per UTC day across every metered route. The count starts again at 00:00 UTC. A licensed key carries the allowance its licence sets.","docs":"Developer guide","licence":"Request a data licence"}},"trust":{"states":{"fresh":"Current","late":"Late","failed":"Last run failed","manual":"Compiled by hand","pending":"No run recorded","up":"Answering","down":"Not answering"},"cadence":{"daily":"Daily","weekly":"Weekly","monthly":"Monthly","quarterly":"Quarterly, as stated","mixed":"Daily and weekly, by input","manual":"No schedule"},"status":{"crumb":"Status","eyebrow":"Platform status","title":"What is current, and what is late.","standfirst":"Every source the platform refreshes, when it last refreshed, how often it is meant to, and whether the next refresh is overdue, with a check of every public endpoint. Read from the platform’s own records, at most five minutes before this page was built.","meta":{"title":"Platform status","description":"Every data source the Renewable Vision platform refreshes, with its last successful refresh, its cadence and whether it is late, and a self-check of every public API endpoint.","checked":"Checked"},"summary":{"fresh":"Sources current","late":"Sources late","failed":"Last run failed","up":"Endpoints answering, of {total} checked","down":"Endpoints not answering","note":"Not counted in the tiles: sources compiled by hand with no schedule to be late against ({manual}), sources with no run recorded yet ({pending}), and endpoints listed but not called ({notProbed}), each with the reason in the table."},"lateBy":"Late since {date}","never":"No successful run recorded","columns":{"source":"Source","cadence":"Cadence","lastSuccess":"Last successful refresh","expected":"Next expected","state":"State"},"publishers":{"kapsarcWeekly":"KAPSARC, reconciled weekly","inHouse":"Compiled by Renewable Vision","renewableVision":"Renewable Vision","oilInputs":"{present} of {total} mirrored series"},"sources":{"title":"Data sources","standfirst":"A source is current when its last run succeeded and the next one is not yet due, late when the day it was expected has passed, and failed when its last run recorded an error. The rule is the one What’s due uses, so the two pages cannot disagree about a source."},"groups":{"registers":{"title":"Official registers","note":"Mirrored every Monday from the publishers’ own pages."},"trackers":{"title":"Trackers","note":"The renewables tracker is reconciled with KAPSARC every week. The other two are compiled by hand and are measured against the review cycle each one states."},"publications":{"title":"Publications","note":"The weekly brief is written every Sunday from the change ledger."},"models":{"title":"Models","note":"The oil balance model reads mirrored series. This row takes the state of its worst input and the date of its oldest."},"jobs":{"title":"Scheduled jobs","note":"These jobs leave no other trace, so each run is logged here with its result. A job that has not run since this log began reads as no run recorded."},"series":{"title":"Mirrored series","note":"Refreshed weekly from the KAPSARC Energy Data Portal and the publishers each series names; oil and market series daily. Series uploaded by hand have no schedule."},"integrations":{"title":"Integrated sources","note":"The second wave of public sources, refreshed by their own schedules. Sources waiting for a key or for access are listed on the integrations page and are not judged here."}},"endpoints":{"title":"Public endpoints","standfirst":"Each endpoint in the OpenAPI document is called with a request it documents, in the same deployment, when this page is built. That checks the route and the data behind it, not the network between you and the site.","historySince":"Stored checks run daily from {date}. The history column counts them.","noHistory":"No stored checks yet. The daily monitor writes one per endpoint per day; until it has, this page states the current check only and no share of answered checks.","columns":{"endpoint":"Endpoint","state":"Now","http":"HTTP","history":"Stored checks"},"uptime":"Answered {passed} of {checks} daily checks ({pct}%) since {since}","noChecks":"No stored checks yet","notProbed":{"writes":"Not called: it files or changes something","image":"Not called: it draws an image on every request","separateFunction":"Not called: it runs as a separate function outside this deployment","members":"Not called: it answers members only","redirect":"Not called: it answers with a redirect or a refusal by design","session":"Not called: it closes a session, and the endpoint keeps none","noProbe":"Not called: no check is defined for it yet"}},"method":{"title":"How this page is computed","standfirst":"Every date here is read from the record the refresh itself writes. Nothing is estimated, and nothing is shown that the platform does not record.","items":["Registers and mirrored series: the last run and its result are the columns each sync writes. A run that found nothing new counts as a successful refresh.","The renewables tracker: the weekly KAPSARC run stamps the tracker whether or not anything changed. A missed run shows as late.","Hand-compiled trackers: the date the tracker was last written, against the review cycle the tracker states for itself.","The weekly brief: the moment the week’s brief was written.","Scheduled jobs: each run of the digest, the change alerts and this monitor, and its result.","Error text is shortened to what says what went wrong. Addresses, keys, tokens and query strings are removed before it is stored or shown.","A share of answered checks appears only beside the number of stored checks behind it and the date of the first one."],"api":"The same computation, as JSON:"},"related":{"due":{"label":"What’s due","note":"The schedule of what refreshes next, by the same rule."},"quality":{"label":"Data quality","note":"Coverage, freshness and agreement, dataset by dataset."},"changelog":{"label":"Changelog","note":"What changed on the platform, dated."},"integrations":{"label":"Integrations","note":"Every upstream source, its licence and its pulls."}}},"quality":{"crumb":"Data quality","eyebrow":"Data quality","title":"What each dataset holds, and where it is thin.","standfirst":"For every dataset: its source and licence, how many rows it holds and over which years, when it last refreshed against the cadence it keeps, where two sources describe the same projects and how often they agree, and what the data does not publish. Counted from the rows themselves. There is no overall score: the counts are the report.","meta":{"title":"Data quality","description":"A scorecard per dataset on the Renewable Vision platform: source, licence, coverage, refresh against cadence, agreement between the renewables tracker and the Principal Buyer register, and the gaps in what is published.","computed":"Computed"},"agreement":{"title":"Tracker against the Principal Buyer register","standfirst":"Two sources give a stage for the same Saudi solar and wind projects: the KAPSARC-based tracker and the Saudi Power Procurement Company’s own register. Matched by project name, by the rule the site’s own figures use.","agreeing":"Matched projects where both give the same stage","differing":"Matched projects where the stages differ, {mw} MW","onlyInRegister":"Register rows with no tracker project","onlyInTracker":"Tracker projects the register does not list","registerNoStage":"Matched rows the register lists without a stage","basis":"Out of {rows} rows the register lists today, {matched} match a tracker project.","trackerOnly":"The tracker projects the register does not list, by the tracker’s own stage: operational {operational}, under construction {construction}, tendered {tendered}, announced {announced}; of these, dedicated off-grid systems {offGrid}. The register lists what the Principal Buyer has contracted, so a project outside it is not by itself an error in either source.","leads":"Where the two differ, the site counts the register’s stage, because the Principal Buyer contracts the power and signs off commercial operation, and keeps the tracker’s own reading published beside it.","open":"Open the cross-check","api":"The reconciliation as JSON","unavailable":"The register or the tracker could not be read when this page was built, so no agreement is stated."},"scorecard":{"title":"Scorecard","standfirst":"One row per dataset in the catalogue. The Energy Dashboard’s sections are one hand-built model and share one row; the mirrored series share one row here and each has its own on the status page.","columns":{"dataset":"Dataset","source":"Source and licence","coverage":"Coverage","refresh":"Refresh","state":"State"},"rows":"Rows: {rows}","seriesPoints":"Series: {series}. Data points: {points}","sectionsRecords":"Sections: {sections}. Records: {records}","unread":"Could not be read","span":{"completion":"Completion years {from}–{to}","operation":"Operation years {from}–{to}","online":"Online years {from}–{to}","observed":"Observed on the register {from} to {to}","cod":"Commercial operation {from}–{to}","published":"Published {from} to {to}","period":"Periods {from} to {to}"},"lastRefresh":"Last refreshed","stated":"Stated update: {update}","seriesStates":"Current: {fresh}. Late: {late}. Failed: {failed}","noRecord":"No refresh recorded","note":"State follows the status page: a dataset is late when its expected refresh day has passed, and compiled by hand when it keeps no schedule."},"gaps":{"title":"Known gaps","standfirst":"What the data does not publish, counted. 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Every chart states its source, licence and date."},"eyebrow":"Story charts","title":"The build-out, the trade, the emissions and the research, in charts","standfirst":"Each chart reads the same data as the atlas and the trackers, says where every figure comes from, and downloads as an image or as its data.","toAtlas":"Open the Energy Atlas","notFoundTitle":"No such chart","tools":{"png":"Download PNG","csv":"Download CSV","share":"Copy link","embed":"Copy embed code","copied":"Copied","table":"Show the data as a table","hideTable":"Hide the table","play":"Play","pause":"Pause","scrub":"Year"},"source":"Source: {source}. Licence: {licence}. As of {asOf}.","items":{"race":{"title":"The GCC build-out race","standfirst":"Installed solar and wind by country, year by year, then each country's tracked pipeline to 2030 on top, hatched.","installedSolar":"Solar, installed (IRENA)","installedWind":"Wind, installed (IRENA)","pipeline":"Tracked pipeline, expected by the year shown","pipelineNote":"Pipeline counts tracked projects expected to operate after IRENA's latest year, by their stated or expected year; it is not a forecast.","axis":"Installed capacity, GW","latestActual":"IRENA data to {year}; later years add the tracked pipeline.","scale":"Scale","scaleYear":"Fit to the year","scaleFixed":"Fixed to 2030"},"tariff":{"title":"Sun against tariff","standfirst":"Every published solar tariff against the long-run sunlight at the project's locality. Sunlight varies little across the region; the price fell with each tender round.","x":"Global horizontal irradiance at the locality, kWh/m²/day (NASA POWER, 0.5° cell)","y":"Published tariff, US cents/kWh","colourBy":"Colour by tender or award year","lowest":"Lowest: {name}, {value} US cents/kWh","note":"Tariffs as the procurer or developer published them (the Saudi tracker's tendered levelised cost). Dirham tariffs converted at the fixed peg of 3.6725 AED per US dollar. Solar PV and CSP only.","yearUnknown":"Year not stated"},"flow":{"title":"Who builds what","standfirst":"Developers to countries or technologies to stages, in megawatts. Hover a band to follow it.","by":"Middle column","byCountry":"Country","byTech":"Technology","note":"Each project's capacity is split by the equity shares its developers publish, and equally where none is published. The eleven largest developers are named; the rest are grouped.","other":"Other developers","unnamed":"Developer not published","scrollHint":"Swipe sideways to follow the flows."},"timeline":{"title":"From tender to operation","standfirst":"Each line runs from a project's tender to its award and to its commercial operation, filled where operation happened and hollow where it is expected.","lane":"Group by","byRound":"Saudi procurement round","byCountry":"GCC country","tender":"Tender","award":"Award","cod":"Operation","codExpected":"Expected operation","note":"Years as the tracker or the source states them. A project with no stated tender year starts at its award or operation.","round":"Round {n}","pif":"PIF programme"},"resource":{"title":"The sun through the year","standfirst":"Monthly irradiance at the town with the most tracked capacity in each of four countries, from NASA's twenty-year climatology.","y":"Global horizontal irradiance, kWh/m²/day"},"generation":{"title":"Saudi solar generation, modelled","standfirst":"What the tracked Saudi photovoltaic projects would generate in a typical year, added as each reaches commercial operation, by stage. Modelled, not measured; the solar generation Saudi Arabia reported is drawn over it.","y":"TWh a year, modelled","total":"Modelled total","reported":"Reported solar generation (Our World in Data)","expected":"Expected","callout":"By {year}, the tracked projects in the chart would add up to about {twh} TWh a year.","note":"PVGIS 5.2 yield at each project's town or region times its capacity as stated, taken as peak; single-axis tracking is assumed from 50 MW unless the source says otherwise. A long-run average year, with no curtailment, outages or degradation. {modelled} of {projects} tracked Saudi projects carry an estimate (wind and CSP do not); {undated} modelled projects with no operation year ({undatedTwh} TWh a year) are left out."},"trade-flows":{"title":"Where the GCC's clean-energy equipment comes from","standfirst":"Each arc runs from one of the ten largest exporters of the product chosen to the importer chosen, as wide as that year's trade. Press play to run the years.","note":"Arcs start at each exporter's country label point and end at the importer's country centre: country scale, never a site.","unmapped":"Not on the map, for want of a country point: {names}.","totalLine":"{importer}, {year}: {total} in all","share":"{pct}% of {year}'s imports","noMap":"The map needs WebGL, which this browser does not offer. The table carries every flow."},"trade-partners":{"title":"Equipment imports by partner, year by year","standfirst":"Imports of one product group into one GCC state, or all six, stacked by the country that sold them. The seven largest exporters to the GCC keep their colour on every view.","note":"Free-on-board values in current US dollars, reconciled by CEPII from what exporters and importers declare to UN Comtrade."},"emissions-sectors":{"title":"GCC emissions by sector","standfirst":"Greenhouse gases by sector, as Climate TRACE estimates them from observation and models, for the GCC or one state.","note":"Mt CO₂e on the 100-year basis. Agriculture and mineral extraction are grouped together. Forestry and land use is kept out of the stack: {landUse} Mt in {year} for this view, listed in the table."},"emissions-per-capita":{"title":"Emissions per person","standfirst":"All greenhouse gases, or CO₂ alone, per resident of each GCC state, from Our World in Data.","note":"Per resident, foreign workers included, and counted where the emissions are produced: the emissions of oil, gas and petrochemicals made for export count in the state that makes them."},"ndc-path":{"title":"History, and a straight path to each NDC target","standfirst":"Each state's emissions since 2000 (Climate Watch) and, dashed, a straight line from the latest year to the level its NDC target implies. Illustrative.","history":"History, Climate Watch (all gases, excluding land use)","illustrative":"Illustrative straight path to the target","illustrativeBanner":"Illustrative: a straight line is neither a projection nor a pathway any state has published.","note":"Each target is read from Climate Watch's summary of the latest NDC and applied to the Climate Watch series drawn. States measure their targets against their own inventories, so the levels are indicative.","level":"{value} Mt in {year}","unconditional":"Unconditional","withSupport":"With international support","noLevelBaseline":"Set against business as usual: no level to draw","noLevelNone":"No economy-wide GHG target: no level to draw","reading":{"percent":"The line ends at the NDC's percentage below {base}, applied to the {from}.","amount":"The line ends at the NDC's reduction taken off the {base} level of the {from}.","baseline":"The target is a cut against a business-as-usual scenario the chart does not hold, so no line is drawn.","none":"The NDC sets no economy-wide GHG target, so no line is drawn."},"baseFromSeries":"Climate Watch series","baseFromNdc":"base-year level the NDC itself states","moving":"The NDC counts this reduction against a moving baseline, so the level drawn is the amount taken off the base year, not a cap the state has set."},"grid-intensity":{"title":"Carbon intensity of electricity","standfirst":"Grams of CO₂-equivalent per kilowatt-hour generated in each GCC state, from Our World in Data (Ember and Energy Institute data).","note":"Life-cycle emissions of each source per kilowatt-hour generated, as Ember computes them."},"research-race":{"title":"Clean-energy research, topic by topic","standfirst":"Works a year on seven topics with at least one institution in the scope chosen, from OpenAlex. Press play to run the years.","note":"A work in two topics counts in each; topic counts depend on the search terms and are indicative. The GCC outside Saudi Arabia counts works with a GCC institution and no Saudi one."},"research-grid":{"title":"Topics against states","standfirst":"Works on each topic with at least one institution in each GCC state, {window}.","note":"A work with institutions in two states counts in each. Per million people uses the World Bank's latest population."},"research-institutions":{"title":"Who publishes most","standfirst":"The ten GCC institutions with the most works on the topic chosen, {window}.","note":"Institutions as OpenAlex resolves them; a work with several institutions counts for each."}},"sections":{"buildout":{"title":"The build-out","standfirst":"Capacity, modelled generation, tariffs, developers and timelines, from the Saudi and GCC trackers, IRENA and PVGIS."},"trade":{"title":"Equipment trade","standfirst":"Clean-energy equipment imported into the six GCC states, by exporter and year, from CEPII's BACI."},"emissions":{"title":"Emissions","standfirst":"By sector, per person, against each state's NDC target, and per kilowatt-hour of electricity."},"research":{"title":"Research","standfirst":"Works from GCC institutions on seven clean-energy topics, from OpenAlex."}}},"resource":{"eyebrow":"Solar and wind resource","title":"The resource at {place}","standfirst":"NASA POWER's long-run means for the 0.5° cell that holds the locality: an area-level picture, not a site measurement.","ghi":"Global horizontal irradiance","dni":"Direct normal irradiance","wind50":"Wind at 50 m","t2m":"Air temperature","aod":"Aerosol optical depth","perDay":"{value} kWh/m² a day","perYear":"About {value} kWh/m² a year","speed":"{value} m/s","temp":"{value} °C","depth":"{value}","monthly":"Global horizontal irradiance by month, kWh/m²/day","hottest":"Warmest month {month}, {value} °C","dustiest":"Dustiest month {month}","credit":"Source: NASA Langley Research Center POWER Project, climatology {period}, public domain; retrieved {asOf}. Cell {cell}, native resolution {res}.","acknowledgement":"These data were obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) POWER Project funded through the NASA Earth Science/Applied Science Program.","atlasLink":"See it on the Energy Atlas","json":"Resource as JSON"},"news":{"eyebrow":"In the news","title":"Headlines that name {name}","standfirst":"Gathered every three hours from publishers’ own feeds and the GDELT Project, and matched only where the headline names this unambiguously. Each headline belongs to its publisher.","language":"{language}","source":"Sources: publishers’ own RSS and Atom feeds, and the GDELT Project’s DOC 2.0 API. Headline, link, domain, date and language only.","json":"Headlines as JSON","all":"All energy headlines"},"newsPage":{"meta":{"title":"GCC energy headlines","description":"The latest headlines on Saudi and GCC renewables, storage, hydrogen, power, oil and gas, water and data-centre power, from publishers’ own feeds, each linking to its publisher."},"crumb":"News","eyebrow":"News","title":"Energy headlines from the Gulf","standfirst":"The latest headlines on Saudi and GCC energy, gathered every three hours from publishers’ own feeds and the GDELT Project. Each headline links to its publisher; nothing of the article is kept here.","filters":{"topic":"Topic","country":"Country","language":"Language","all":"All"},"sectors":{"renewables":"Renewables","storage":"Storage","hydrogen":"Hydrogen","power":"Power and grids","oilgas":"Oil and gas","water":"Water and desalination","datacentres":"Data-centre power","companies":"Companies and projects"},"languages":{"English":"English","Arabic":"Arabic"},"count":"{count, plural, =0 {No headlines} one {# headline} other {# headlines}}","showAll":"All {count} in {topic}","empty":"No headline matches these filters yet. Headlines are added every three hours.","none":"No headlines have been gathered yet. They appear here after the first run of the feeds.","source":"Headlines from {feeds} publishers’ feeds and the GDELT Project, read every three hours. Headline, link, domain, date and language only; each headline belongs to its publisher, and a headline is not a verified fact.","terms":"The feeds, and the terms they are read under","json":"Headlines as JSON"},"metrics":{"solar_mw":"Installed solar capacity","wind_mw":"Installed wind capacity","solar_share":"Solar share of electricity","renewables_share":"Renewable share of electricity","demand_twh":"Electricity demand","demand_per_capita":"Electricity demand per person","carbon_intensity":"Carbon intensity of electricity","co2_per_capita":"CO₂ emissions per person","ghg_per_capita":"Greenhouse gases per person","pv_imports":"PV cell and module imports","research_works":"Clean-energy research works"},"metricUnits":{"solar_mw":"MW","wind_mw":"MW","solar_share":"%","renewables_share":"%","demand_twh":"TWh","demand_per_capita":"kWh","carbon_intensity":"gCO₂/kWh","co2_per_capita":"t CO₂","ghg_per_capita":"t CO₂e","pv_imports":"US$ m","research_works":"works"},"countries":{"SA":"Saudi Arabia","AE":"UAE","OM":"Oman","QA":"Qatar","KW":"Kuwait","BH":"Bahrain"},"about":{"eyebrow":"About the data","title":"What the map holds, and where it comes from","standfirst":"Every tracked renewable and battery storage project in Saudi Arabia and the GCC, placed at its town or region, over NASA’s long-run sun and wind resource. The Saudi tracker updates every week from KAPSARC, the Principal Buyer’s (SPPC) register and developers’ own releases; the GCC and captive layers come from procurers’ and companies’ releases, the storage projects from Renewable Vision’s reports, the resource from NASA POWER, and the country series from IRENA, Our World in Data and the World Bank.","sourcesLabel":"Each layer, its publisher and the date it is true as of","resource":"Sun, wind, temperature and dust","asOf":"As of {date}","licence":"The Saudi tracker draws on KAPSARC data under CC BY-NC 4.0; NASA POWER data is public domain; borders are from Natural Earth; basemap © Esri, HERE, Garmin and OpenStreetMap contributors."},"sourcesBand":{"api":"Developers and the API","apiNote":"The resource grid, the country series and the project layer as JSON with a free member key; the headlines with a key or without.","trackers":"The trackers","trackersNote":"Every project as a table, with its sources, on its own page."},"metricNotes":{"ghg_per_capita":"All greenhouse gases in CO₂e, from Our World in Data. The CO₂-only figure is the World Bank's, offered as its own metric.","pv_imports":"Imports of PV cells and modules, free on board, from CEPII's BACI. Before 2022 the customs code also holds LEDs.","research_works":"One total over the whole window, not a value a year; a work in two of the seven topics counts in each."}},"integrations":{"meta":{"title":"Integrations: every upstream source Renewable Vision reads","description":"Each public data source behind the site: publisher, what is taken, the licence and how far it lets the rows travel, the refresh cadence, the last successful pull, the rows held and the current state."},"crumb":"Integrations","eyebrow":"Developers","title":"Every source this site reads","standfirst":"The publishers behind the figures, what is taken from each, under which licence, how often it is refreshed and whether the last refresh worked. States are read from the tables each refresh writes; nothing here is typed by hand.","checked":"Checked","summary":{"sources":"Sources","live":"Live","awaitingKey":"Awaiting a key","awaitingAccess":"Awaiting access","failed":"Last pull did not complete","rows":"Rows held","note":"A keyed source is complete in code and switches itself on when its key is set; a source that refuses access is retried on its schedule and never reported as a fault.","pending":"{pending} sources have no pull recorded yet."},"groups":{"solar":{"title":"Solar resource and project output","note":"Yields and weather behind the modelled output of the tracked plants."},"energy":{"title":"Energy statistics","note":"Capacity, generation and energy balances from the agencies that compile them."},"registers":{"title":"Official registers","note":"The procurers’ own project lists, mirrored every Monday."},"trade":{"title":"Trade","note":"What the region imports and exports, as the reporters declare it."},"emissions":{"title":"Emissions, air and climate targets","note":"National aggregates only: no asset, no position."},"macro":{"title":"Macro and SDG 7","note":"The economy around the energy system, and the goal 7 indicators."},"markets":{"title":"Oil and markets","note":"The inputs of the oil balance model."},"companies":{"title":"Companies","note":"Facts about the developers and shareholders the trackers name."},"digital":{"title":"Digital infrastructure","note":"Where the region’s networks meet, counted by city."},"research":{"title":"Research output","note":"What GCC institutions publish on the energy transition."},"news":{"title":"News","note":"Headlines about GCC energy from publishers’ own feeds, each linking to its publisher."}},"states":{"live":"Live","awaiting-key":"Awaiting key","awaiting-access":"Awaiting access","failed":"Last pull did not complete","pending":"No pull recorded"},"cadence":{"daily":"Daily","weekly":"Weekly","monthly":"Monthly","on-request":"On each request","manual":"By hand","three-hourly":"Every three hours"},"access":{"open":"Open, no key","polite":"Open, polite pool","key":"Free key"},"redistribution":{"open":"No conditions","attribution":"Reuse with attribution","non-commercial":"Non-commercial only","aggregates-only":"Derived aggregates only","counts-only":"Counts only","per-dataset":"Per dataset","headlines-only":"Headline and link only"},"wave":{"existing":"In use","wave-2":"New"},"card":{"takes":"What we take","licence":"Licence","cadence":"Refresh","lastPull":"Last successful pull","rows":"Rows held","period":"{from}–{to}","never":"None yet","onRequest":"Read when a page asks","origin":{"database":"from the database","bundle":"from the bundled snapshot"},"api":"Served at","csvYes":"CSV available","csvNo":"No CSV: the terms do not allow a file","waitsFor":"Switches on when {env} is set.","awaitingAccess":"The publisher refused the last request; it is retried on schedule.","history":"Pull history","historyPulls":"Rows at each pull","historyChecks":"Daily state, last 30 days","noHistory":"No stored history yet","visit":"Publisher’s page"},"method":{"title":"How the states are read","standfirst":"The same rules as the status board, applied to every upstream source.","items":["Live: the source has delivered and its last pull completed.","Awaiting key: the connector is built and tested, and waits for its key in the environment. It is not scheduled, not judged late and not reported as a fault.","Awaiting access: the publisher refused the request. The pull is retried on its schedule; the last rows it delivered, if any, stay in service.","Last pull did not complete: the refresh stopped. The rows from the last good pull stay in service and the reason is shown, stripped of any address or key.","Rows held and the last pull come from the database once the scheduled sync has written them, and from the snapshot shipped with the site until then.","A source whose terms restrict republication is reduced before it is stored: UN Comtrade to derived aggregates, PeeringDB to counts per city."]},"json":{"label":"The same list as JSON","note":"Every field on this page, for a script."},"related":{"developers":{"label":"Developer guide","note":"Endpoints, keys, limits and examples."},"licensing":{"label":"Data licences","note":"What a licence can cover, source by source."},"status":{"label":"Status","note":"Freshness of every source and every endpoint."}},"sources":{"pvgis":{"name":"PVGIS","takes":"Annual yield of 1 kWp at each project’s town or region, fixed at the optimal tilt and on a single-axis tracker; the basis of the modelled output on every solar project page.","caveat":"Yields are long-run averages (PVGIS-SARAH2, 2005–2020) at a rounded town centroid, never the plant."},"nasa-power":{"name":"NASA POWER","takes":"Long-run irradiance normals for the week-ahead fleet outlook."},"open-meteo":{"name":"Open-Meteo","takes":"The week-ahead irradiance forecast behind the fleet outlook."},"kapsarc-portal":{"name":"KAPSARC Energy Data Portal","takes":"Load, capacity, fuel, tariff and water series from the regulator and the utilities, and the EIA and IEA series the oil model reads."},"kapsarc-dashboard":{"name":"KAPSARC renewables dashboard","takes":"The project list the Saudi Renewables Tracker is reconciled against every week."},"irena":{"name":"IRENASTAT","takes":"Installed capacity by technology for the Kingdom and the world."},"iea":{"name":"IEA data services","takes":"Electric-vehicle sales and stock, and the low-emission hydrogen project database."},"eia-international":{"name":"EIA international data","takes":"Installed capacity and generation by fuel for the six GCC states.","caveat":"Dormant until EIA_API_KEY is set."},"ember":{"name":"Ember electricity data","takes":"Monthly generation by fuel for the GCC states Ember covers.","caveat":"Dormant until EMBER_API_KEY is set."},"jodi":{"name":"JODI-Oil","takes":"Crude production, exports, refinery intake and stocks for the Kingdom and forty producers."},"imf-pcps":{"name":"IMF commodity prices","takes":"Monthly crude, gas and coal benchmarks."},"cftc":{"name":"CFTC Commitments of Traders","takes":"Managed-money positioning in WTI."},"saudi-registers":{"name":"Saudi procurement and water registers","takes":"The Principal Buyer’s renewable projects, the water partnership projects and the water authority’s datasets."},"comtrade-equipment":{"name":"UN Comtrade, clean-energy equipment","takes":"Imports into the six GCC states of PV cells and modules, lithium-ion cells, wind turbines, static converters, electrolysis machines and large transformers, 2015 onward, by partner.","caveat":"Served as derived aggregates only. HS 850440 and 854330 are broad codes; before 2022, HS 854140 includes LEDs."},"baci-equipment":{"name":"CEPII BACI, clean-energy equipment flows","takes":"Imports into the six GCC states of PV cells and modules, lithium-ion cells, liquid-filled transformers, static converters, wind turbines and electrolysis machines, 2017 onward, from every exporter: CEPII's reconciliation of UN Comtrade, free on board. Extracted from the annual release by scripts/baci-extract.mjs.","caveat":"Released once a year, in January; the latest year may be revised. HS 850440 and 854330 are broad codes; before 2022, HS 854140 includes LEDs."},"comtrade-crude":{"name":"UN Comtrade, Saudi crude","takes":"Saudi crude oil exports, value and volume, as a world total."},"climate-trace-gcc":{"name":"Climate TRACE, GCC by sector","takes":"Emissions of the six GCC states by sector and year, CO2-equivalent on the 100-year basis.","caveat":"Country totals only; Climate TRACE’s asset data is not read."},"climate-trace-sa":{"name":"Climate TRACE, Kingdom and world","takes":"Saudi and world emissions by gas, for the energy dashboard."},"climate-watch":{"name":"Climate Watch","takes":"Historical emissions by sector, and each state’s NDC: the latest submission, its target and target year.","caveat":"NDC text is quoted in English as Climate Watch publishes it."},"owid-co2":{"name":"Our World in Data, CO2 dataset","takes":"Emissions per person, carbon intensity of energy and of GDP, flaring and the share of world emissions, for the GCC and the world."},"owid-grapher":{"name":"Our World in Data, charts","takes":"World oil consumption and the renewables share of world electricity."},"firms":{"name":"NASA FIRMS","takes":"VIIRS thermal anomalies counted per country and month, as a signal of gas flaring.","caveat":"Dormant until FIRMS_MAP_KEY is set. Counts only; no detection is kept."},"openaq":{"name":"OpenAQ","takes":"Monthly average PM2.5 by city from public monitors.","caveat":"Dormant until OPENAQ_API_KEY is set."},"imf-weo":{"name":"IMF World Economic Outlook","takes":"Real GDP growth, inflation, GDP in dollars and population for the six GCC states.","caveat":"Years from the current one on are IMF projections and are marked so."},"sdg7":{"name":"UN SDG 7 indicators","takes":"Renewable share of final energy, access to electricity, energy intensity and clean cooking for the six GCC states."},"world-bank":{"name":"World Bank indicators","takes":"Saudi energy use per person, emissions and the renewable shares of electricity and final energy."},"wikidata-companies":{"name":"Wikidata","takes":"For each developer and shareholder matched with confidence: founding year, headquarters, parent, website and stock listing.","caveat":"Matched only on an exact name, a commercial type, an energy-related description and the home country. No logo or image is taken."},"peeringdb":{"name":"PeeringDB","takes":"Colocation facilities, network presences and internet exchanges in the GCC, counted by city.","caveat":"Counts only: PeeringDB’s policy does not allow its records to be republished."},"openalex":{"name":"OpenAlex","takes":"Works a year by topic (solar, wind, green hydrogen, carbon capture, desalination, grid storage, data-centre energy) for Saudi and GCC institutions, and the ten most active institutions per topic.","caveat":"Topic counts come from title and abstract searches and are indicative."},"eia-steo":{"name":"EIA Short-Term Energy Outlook","takes":"The monthly outlook: Brent and WTI, world supply and demand, OPEC+ and US output, OPEC surplus capacity and OECD commercial stocks, with the previous month’s vintage and the WTI futures curve EIA prints beside it.","caveat":"Forecast months are EIA’s projections. The futures curve is the five-day average settlement EIA publishes, credited to Bloomberg and LSEG."},"eia-oil-prices":{"name":"EIA spot price history","takes":"Brent and WTI spot prices, daily, with monthly means from 1986."},"fred-oil":{"name":"FRED: Brent, dollar index and Saudi fiscal breakeven","takes":"Brent spot (EIA), the nominal broad dollar index (Federal Reserve Board) and the IMF’s fiscal breakeven oil price for Saudi Arabia.","caveat":"The breakeven is copyrighted by the IMF and reproduced by FRED with permission; it is served with its citation."},"wb-pink-sheet":{"name":"World Bank Pink Sheet","takes":"Monthly Brent, Dubai, WTI and average crude oil prices from 1990."},"imf-world-growth":{"name":"IMF world growth","takes":"Real GDP growth for the world, China, the United States and Saudi Arabia from the World Economic Outlook.","caveat":"Years from the current one on are IMF projections and are marked so."},"news-feeds":{"name":"Publisher feeds (14) + GDELT","takes":"The headline, link, publisher’s domain, date and language of each item about GCC energy (renewables, storage, hydrogen, power, oil and gas, water and data-centre power), with the tracked projects and companies it names. Never the summary or the article.","caveat":"Fourteen publishers’ feeds are read every three hours; GDELT is asked once a run and often refuses a shared host. A feed was kept only where its publisher’s terms allow a headline and a link."}},"output":{"eyebrow":"Modelled output","title":"Estimated annual generation","badge":"Modelled, not measured","estimate":"GWh a year","capacityFactor":"Capacity factor","counted":"Counted here","fixed":"Fixed at the optimal tilt","tracking":"Single-axis tracker","yield":"{kwh} kWh per kWp","gwh":"{gwh} GWh","mountingSource":"Mounting as the source describes it.","mountingAssumed":"Mounting assumed: plants of 50 MW and more on single-axis trackers, smaller ones fixed.","placeTown":"Yield read at the centre of {place}, rounded to 0.1°.","placeRegion":"Yield read at the centre of {place}: the tracker names no town this model can place.","method":"Annual kWh per kWp from PVGIS for crystalline silicon with 14% system loss, multiplied by the capacity as the source states it and taken as peak. A plant rated in MWac carries more DC capacity, so its estimate runs low.","credit":"Solar yield: PVGIS 5.2 (PVGIS-SARAH2), European Commission, Joint Research Centre. © European Union.","notModelled":{"title":"No output estimate","technology":"The model covers photovoltaic plants only; this project’s technology needs another model.","capacity":"The source states no electrical capacity, so there is nothing to multiply.","location":"The tracker names no town or region this model can place.","noYield":"PVGIS has not answered for this location yet."},"fleet":{"title":"Tracker totals, modelled","stage":"Stage","projects":"Projects","capacity":"Capacity, MW","gwh":"GWh a year","cf":"Capacity factor","note":"Solar projects with an estimate only; the counted mounting for each."},"share":"{share}% of the modelled output of this tracker’s {stage} solar projects.","json":"Estimate as JSON"},"wikidata":{"eyebrow":"From Wikidata","title":"Facts from Wikidata","inception":"Founded","headquarters":"Headquarters","parent":"Parent organisation","country":"Country","website":"Website","listed":"Listed on","ticker":"Ticker {ticker}","item":"Wikidata item","note":"Wikidata is CC0. Matched on the name “{name}” with a check on type, industry and home country; the item is the place to correct a fact."},"trackerStage":{"operational":"Operational","construction":"Under construction","contracted":"Contracted","tendered":"Tendered","announced":"Announced","observed":"Observed"},"stageInSentence":{"operational":"operational","construction":"under-construction","contracted":"contracted","tendered":"tendered","announced":"announced","observed":"observed"},"licences":{"cc0":"CC0 1.0","public-domain-us":"U.S. Government public domain","cc-by-4":"CC BY 4.0","eu-reuse":"European Commission reuse notice (Decision 2011/833/EU), attribution","imf-terms":"IMF copyright and usage terms, attribution","un-data":"UN data terms, free reuse with attribution","jodi-terms":"JODI terms, free for public use with attribution","un-comtrade":"UN Comtrade licence: original rows not re-disseminated; transformed data only","peeringdb-aup":"PeeringDB Acceptable Use Policy: no republication","cc-by-nc":"CC BY-NC 4.0 (non-commercial)","open-meteo":"Open-Meteo terms: non-commercial free tier, data CC BY 4.0","publisher-terms":"The publisher’s own terms, per dataset","openaq-terms":"OpenAQ terms; each provider’s licence, mostly CC BY 4.0","ember-terms":"CC BY 4.0 (Ember)","fred-terms":"FRED series terms: EIA and Federal Reserve Board series public domain; the IMF breakeven copyrighted, citation required","etalab-2":"Etalab Open Licence 2.0, attribution","publisher-headlines":"Each publisher’s terms: headline, link, domain, date and language only"}},"oilStrategy":{"meta":{"title":"Oil price and production strategy model","description":"Brent over the next 24 months and to 2050, and what each Saudi or OPEC+ production path implies for price, revenue, the fiscal balance, market share, spare capacity and the value of reserves. Scenario analysis with every assumption shown."},"crumb":"Oil strategy","eyebrow":"Oil price and production strategy","title":"What each production path implies for oil prices, revenue and reserves","standfirst":"A decision room for scenario analysis: the price outlook for the next 24 months and to 2050, set beside the EIA outlook and the futures strip, and five production paths compared on price, Saudi exports, oil revenue, the fiscal balance against the IMF breakeven, market share, spare capacity and the net present value of reserves. Every assumption is visible, and every parameter can be moved.","metaLabels":{"outlook":"EIA outlook","brent":"Brent","breakeven":"IMF fiscal breakeven"},"toExplorer":"Compare production paths","toMethod":"Method and assumptions","disclaimer":{"label":"Scenario analysis","body":"The paths are modelled under the assumptions shown on this page. They are not forecasts, not investment advice, and not a statement of what any government, company or producer group intends or should do."},"unavailable":"The model inputs could not be assembled just now. The sources and their state are listed at /developers/integrations.","units":{"usd":"$$/bbl","mbd":"mb/d","mb":"mb","days":"days","pct":"%","bn":"$$ bn","year":"year","perBarrel":"$${value} a barrel","money":"$${value} bn"},"nav":{"outlook":"Outlook","strategy":"Production paths","backtest":"Backtest","lab":"Members’ explorer","method":"Method"},"changes":{"title":"What changed since the last outlook","standfirst":"The EIA outlook of {to} against {from}, and Brent against a month earlier.","standfirstNoPrevious":"The previous EIA outlook is not held; the figures stand alone.","items":{"brent2027":"EIA Brent, 2027 average","demand2027":"EIA world demand, 2027","balance2027":"EIA supply less demand, 2027","surplus6m":"OPEC surplus capacity, next six months","stocksEnd":"OECD commercial stocks, end of outlook","brentMonth":"Brent, latest close"},"was":"was {value}","since":"since {date}","noChange":"unchanged"},"outlook":{"eyebrow":"Near term","title":"Brent over the next 24 months","standfirst":"The model’s monthly path under current policy, with the spread of a seeded Monte Carlo run around it. By default the path is anchored: its baseline is the EIA outlook, with the futures strip in the first months and today’s price fading in, and the model adds only the difference current policy makes against the production the outlook assumes, through OECD commercial stocks. The unanchored structural model is drawn beside it for comparison.","chartTitle":"Brent: history, the model’s path and its benchmarks","chartStandfirst":"US dollars a barrel, monthly means. The fan holds 50% and 80% of 300 simulated paths.","legend":{"history":"Brent, monthly mean","model":"Model, current policy","fan80":"80% of paths","fan50":"50% of paths","steo":"EIA outlook","futures":"Futures (WTI + spread)","breakeven":"IMF fiscal breakeven","today":"Today","unanchored":"Unanchored model"},"legendShort":{"model":"Model","futures":"Futures","steo":"EIA outlook","unanchored":"Unanchored"},"kpis":{"now":"Brent, month to date","at":"Model in {period}","range":"80% of paths: {lo}–{hi}","prob12":"Chance the next 12 months average below the breakeven","dev":"OECD stocks against the five-year average","devValue":"{value} days"},"note":"The path starts from today’s price; the gap between it and the outlook closes over {months, plural, one {# month} other {# months}}, an assumption that can be moved.","source":"Sources: EIA (Short-Term Energy Outlook {vintage}, spot prices), futures settlements as EIA publishes them (Bloomberg, LSEG), IMF breakeven via FRED. Model: Renewable Vision.","csv":"oil-outlook"},"benchmarks":{"title":"The model beside the published outlooks","standfirst":"Brent at four points ahead: the model’s path and its 80% range, the EIA outlook, the futures strip, and the World Bank’s annual assumption for the year.","horizon":"Month","model":"Model","range":"Model, 80% of paths","steo":"EIA outlook","futures":"Futures","worldBank":"World Bank, year average","note":"The IMF’s April 2026 reference assumption is about ${reference} a barrel for 2026, and ${adverse} in its adverse scenario.","csv":"oil-benchmarks"},"strategy":{"eyebrow":"Production paths","title":"Five production paths, compared","standfirst":"Each path is a Saudi crude production target, month by month and then to 2050, with other OPEC+ members adjusting beside it. Output cannot exceed what the outlook’s Middle East capacity allows while the disruption lasts. Choose shocks, a demand scenario and any assumption; everything recomputes in the browser.","required":"Current OPEC+ required production for Saudi Arabia: {value} mb/d ({period}). Maximum sustainable capacity: {msc} mb/d.","presets":{"hold":{"name":"Hold current policy","blurb":"Saudi output at today’s required production, {value} mb/d, where capacity allows; other members as in the EIA outlook."},"gradual":{"name":"Gradual increases","blurb":"62.5 kb/d more each month, the pace of 2026’s increments, to 11.0 mb/d; other members add 0.15 mb/d."},"accelerated":{"name":"Accelerated increases","blurb":"Three times that pace, as in May to July 2025, to 11.5 mb/d; other members add 0.4 mb/d."},"deeperCut":{"name":"Deeper cut","blurb":"A further 1 mb/d cut, as in July 2023, and a 1 mb/d group cut at the compliance set."},"marketShare":{"name":"Market-share push","blurb":"Output to capacity within two months, as in 2014 and 2020; other members add 1 mb/d."},"custom":{"name":"Your path"}},"focus":"Highlighted path","shocks":{"title":"Shocks","hormuz":"Strait of Hormuz disruption","recession":"Global recession","chinaSlowdown":"China slowdown","hurricane":"Hurricane season","sanctions":"Sanctions","country":{"iran":"Iran","russia":"Russia","venezuela":"Venezuela"},"direction":{"tighten":"tightened","ease":"eased"},"add":"Add","remove":"Remove {name}","sizes":{"hormuz":"Gulf supply outside Saudi Arabia −3 mb/d for three months, returning over three; Saudi output capped at 7 mb/d, the East–West pipeline to Yanbu.","recession":"World GDP growth 2.5 points lower for twelve months.","chinaSlowdown":"Chinese demand 0.5 mb/d lower, reached over six months.","hurricane":"US Gulf of Mexico output −0.4 mb/d and crude demand −0.15 mb/d, August to October.","sanctions":"Iran −0.8 or +0.6 mb/d; Russia −0.5 or +0.3 mb/d; Venezuela −0.3 or +0.2 mb/d, phased in."}},"demand":{"title":"Long-term demand","scenarios":{"iea-cps":"IEA Current Policies (WEO 2025)","iea-steps":"IEA Stated Policies (WEO 2025)","iea-aps":"IEA Announced Pledges (WEO 2024)","iea-nze":"IEA Net Zero by 2050","opec-woo":"OPEC World Oil Outlook 2026","eia-ieo":"EIA International Energy Outlook 2023"}},"assumptions":"Assumptions","hideAssumptions":"Hide assumptions","resetAssumptions":"Reset to defaults","metrics":{"price":"Brent","saudi":"Saudi crude output","dev":"OECD stocks against the five-year average","revenue":"Saudi oil revenue","share":"Saudi market share","fiscal":"Fiscal balance against the breakeven"},"overlayTitle":"The next 24 months under each path","overlayStandfirst":"Monthly. Choose the measure; the highlighted path is drawn heavier.","multiplesTitle":"Each path against current policy","multiplesStandfirst":"Brent under each path (in its colour) against current policy (grey), monthly, with what the path implies in 2027 and over the long run.","longTitle":"To 2050","longStandfirst":"Annual, in constant 2025 dollars. The price follows the full-cycle cost of the marginal barrel outside OPEC+ plus a cohesion premium that falls as spare capacity rises. The near-term years come from the monthly model, and from its last month the gap to the long-run price closes month by month, so the two join without a step.","ieaPoints":"Price in {scenario}","table":{"title":"Every output, path by path","measure":"Measure"},"summary":{"price2027":"Brent, 2027","priceAvg2027to2030":"Brent, 2027–2030 average","priceFloor":"Lowest annual Brent, 2027–2035","price2030":"Brent, 2030","price2040":"Brent, 2040","price2050":"Brent, 2050","saudi2027":"Saudi crude output, 2027","exports2027":"Saudi crude available for export, 2027","revenue2027":"Saudi oil revenue, 2027","revenueCum2027to2035":"Saudi oil revenue, 2027–2035","fiscal2027":"Fiscal balance against the breakeven, 2027","fiscalAvg2027to2030":"Fiscal balance, 2027–2030 average","share2027":"Saudi share of world oil, 2027","share2030":"Saudi share, 2030","share2040":"Saudi share, 2040","spare2027":"Saudi spare capacity, 2027","opecSpare2027":"OPEC+ spare capacity, 2027","npv":"Net present value of export revenue","shale2027":"US tight oil response, 2027","tightOil2030":"Tight oil at the margin of the cost curve, 2030","reserves2050":"Saudi reserves left, 2050","belowBreakevenYears":"Years below the breakeven, 2027–2035"},"summaryUnits":{"bnbbl":"bn bbl","years":"of 9"},"againstHold":"{value} against current policy","csvOverlay":"oil-paths-monthly","csvMultiples":"oil-paths-compared","csvLong":"oil-paths-2050","source":"Model: Renewable Vision, on the EIA Short-Term Energy Outlook ({vintage}), published demand scenarios (IEA, OPEC, EIA), the IMF breakeven via FRED and the cost bands stated in the method.","mode":{"title":"Price path","anchored":"Anchored to the outlook (default)","unanchored":"Unanchored model","anchoredHelp":"Default. The baseline is the EIA outlook, with the futures strip in the first months and the gap between today’s price and the outlook closing over {months, plural, one {# month} other {# months}}. The model adds the difference each production path makes against the production the outlook assumes; a path equal to that assumption is the baseline exactly.","unanchoredHelp":"The structural model on its own, from today’s price: OECD stocks against the five-year average move the price by the calibrated slope. Shown for comparison; in the backtest it was less accurate than the anchored path."}},"params":{"title":"Every assumption","standfirst":"The defaults, where each comes from, and the range it can be moved within. Calibrated values are re-estimated from the data on each build.","origin":{"calibrated":"Calibrated","literature":"Literature","published":"Published","assumption":"Assumption"},"groups":{"demand":"Demand","supply":"Supply","price":"Stocks and price","saudi":"Saudi output, revenue and fiscal","long":"Long run"},"cols":{"parameter":"Parameter","value":"Value","range":"Range","origin":"Basis"},"items":{"incomeElasticity":"Income elasticity of oil demand","demandTrend":"Demand trend beyond GDP (efficiency, electrification)","priceElasticity":"Short-run price elasticity of demand","gdpShift":"World GDP growth against the IMF path","shaleElasticity":"US tight oil response to price, after 6–9 months","compliance":"Compliance with OPEC+ group adjustments","oecdShare":"Share of world stock changes in OECD stocks","priceSlope":"Price change per day of cover, over twelve months","positioningWeight":"Positioning overlay, per standard deviation","msc":"Saudi maximum sustainable capacity","msc2030":"Saudi capacity by 2030","saudiSurplusShare":"Saudi share of Middle East surplus capacity","realisedDiff":"Saudi realised price against Brent","govTake":"Government share of oil export revenue","breakeven":"IMF fiscal breakeven oil price","breakevenVolume":"Export volume the breakeven is set at","discountRate":"Discount rate for the net present value","unitCost":"Upstream cost per barrel","cohesionMax":"Cohesion premium with no spare capacity","cohesionScale":"Spare capacity that shrinks the premium by 63%","othersSpare":"Spare capacity held by other OPEC+ members","convergence":"Share of the gap to the long-run price left each year","costStretch":"Steepness of the cost curve outside OPEC+","futuresWeight":"Weight on the futures strip in the baseline, months 1–4 (fading to zero by month 8)","gapMonths":"Months for the gap between today’s price and the outlook to close"},"positioningOverlay":"Positioning overlay (sentiment, off by default)","positioningNote":"When managed money in WTI is unusually long the path is nudged down, and up when unusually short, fading over about three months. CFTC managed-money net length now: {z} standard deviations from its three-year mean.","terminalValue":"Count the value of reserves left in 2050","unitNames":{"pctYr":"%/yr","pp":"points","perDay":"per day","perSigma":"per σ","mbd":"mb/d","usd":"$$/bbl","times":"×","months":"months"},"rangeText":"{min} to {max}","defaultText":"default {value}"},"calibration":{"title":"The inventory–price relation","standfirst":"Twelve-month change in ln(Brent) against the twelve-month change in OECD commercial stocks, in days of cover above or below the five-year average (2020 left out of the average). Monthly, {from} to {to}.","x":"Change in days of cover against the five-year average, over 12 months","y":"Change in ln(Brent), 12 months","fitted":"Fitted line","stats":{"beta":"Slope","betaValue":"{value} per day of cover (Newey–West s.e. {se}, t {t})","r2":"R²","n":"Months","sigma":"Monthly noise left unexplained","theta":"Share of world stock changes seen in OECD stocks","share":"Saudi share of Middle East surplus capacity","dc5":"Five-year average used ahead","alternatives":"Other forms fitted","spare":"OPEC surplus capacity added beside stocks"},"alt":{"change1":"1-month changes","change3":"3-month changes","change6":"6-month changes","level36":"Level against the 36-month mean"},"altValue":"slope {beta}, R² {r2}","spareValue":"coefficient {gamma}, t {t}: not used","csv":"oil-calibration","source":"Sources: EIA Short-Term Energy Outlook (OECD commercial stocks and consumption, vintages 2008–2026), EIA Brent spot. Fit: Renewable Vision."},"backtest":{"eyebrow":"Backtest","title":"How the near-term model would have done","standfirst":"The near-term model run from five past vantage points on the EIA outlook of the time, with a calibration fitted only on the months before, against the Brent that followed. Four forecasts: the anchored path (the default), the unanchored structural model, no change, and the outlook itself, held at its last month past its end so that every forecast is scored on the same months. Saudi Arabia and OPEC+ produce what the outlook assumed. Mean absolute errors, in dollars a barrel, as they came out.","vantage":"From {period}","legend":{"realised":"Brent, realised","anchored":"Anchored path (default)","unanchored":"Unanchored model","noChange":"No change","steo":"EIA outlook of the time"},"table":{"method":"Forecast","h1_3":"1–3 months","h4_6":"4–6 months","h7_12":"7–12 months","h13_24":"13–24 months","all":"All","n":"Months scored"},"verdict":"Across {months} months, the mean absolute error is ${anchored} a barrel for the anchored path, ${unanchored} for the unanchored model, ${noChange} for no change and ${steo} for the EIA outlook of the time.","chartTitle":"Predicted and realised Brent from five vantage points","chartStandfirst":"US dollars a barrel, monthly means, 24 months from each vantage point.","source":"Sources: EIA Short-Term Energy Outlook archives, EIA spot and NYMEX futures histories. Model: Renewable Vision.","csv":"oil-backtest","legendShort":{"anchored":"Anchored","unanchored":"Unanchored","noChange":"No change","steo":"EIA"},"why":"Why the anchored path is the default: at the production the outlook assumes, it is the outlook itself (with the futures strip in the first months), so its level is as good as the outlook’s, and the structural model contributes only what it is built for, the difference a production path makes. That difference cannot be backtested, because the path not taken is never observed."},"member":{"product":"the oil strategy explorer","teaserTitle":"For members: your own path, the frontier and Monte Carlo","teaserBody":"Members set a Saudi path quarter by quarter, run up to 1,000 Monte Carlo draws on it, search the paths on the efficient frontier for the objectives and constraints they choose, and export every run as CSV.","lab":{"eyebrow":"Members’ explorer","title":"Your production path","standfirst":"Set Saudi crude output for each of the next eight quarters, the level from 2030, and the other members’ adjustment. The path is compared with current policy as you move it. Where the outlook’s Middle East capacity is still reduced, output above what is available is not produced, and the quarter shows the ceiling.","quarter":"Q{n}","quarterLabel":"Saudi crude, quarter {n} ({start})","longRun":"From 2030","groupAdj":"Other OPEC+ members, change","startFrom":"Start from","chartTitle":"Your path against current policy","chartStandfirst":"Brent monthly for 24 months, then annually to 2050.","near":"Next 24 months","long":"To 2050","delta":"Against current policy","export":"Export this run as CSV","exporting":"Preparing…","csv":"oil-custom-path","capped":"available: {value}","controls":"Set the path"},"mc":{"title":"Monte Carlo","standfirst":"Draws the short-run demand elasticity (−0.07 to −0.03), world growth (±0.8 points), the tight-oil response (0.1 to 0.3), compliance (0.6 to 1.0), the price slope (its standard error) and monthly price noise. Seeded, so a run can be repeated.","runs":"Draws","seed":"Seed","run":"Run","running":"Running…","path":"Path","prob12":"12-month average below the breakeven","prob24":"24-month average below the breakeven","stocks":"OECD stocks above the five-year average at the end","chartTitle":"Monte Carlo fan for the chosen path","chartStandfirst":"US dollars a barrel; 50%, 80% and 90% of paths, and the median.","median":"Median","band90":"90% of paths","probChartTitle":"Chance Brent is below the breakeven, by month","csv":"oil-monte-carlo","probChartStandfirst":"Per cent of simulated paths with Brent below the IMF fiscal breakeven of ${breakeven} a barrel, month by month.","probMonth":"Chance below the breakeven"},"frontier":{"title":"The efficient frontier","standfirst":"Every path from today’s required production to a near-term level (9 to 12 mb/d) and a level from 2030 (8.5 to 12 mb/d), with other members cutting 1 mb/d, holding or adding 1 mb/d: 168 paths. A path is on the frontier when no other path meeting your constraints does at least as well on every objective and better on one. Your weights order the frontier; they do not pick a path.","weights":"Weights","constraints":"Constraints","objectives":{"npv":"Net present value","priceFloor":"Price floor (lowest annual Brent, 2027–2035)","share":"Market share (2027–2035 average)","fiscal":"Fiscal balance (2027–2030 average)"},"minPriceFloor":"Price floor at least","minShare":"Market share at least","minFiscal":"Fiscal balance at least","minSpare":"Saudi spare capacity in 2027 at least","none":"No constraint","search":"Search","searching":"Searching…","shareChart":"Net present value against market share","floorChart":"Net present value against the price floor","chartStandfirst":"Each dot a path; the frontier is drawn and ringed. Presets are marked.","onFrontier":"On the frontier","other":"Other paths","infeasible":"Outside the constraints","list":"Paths on the frontier, ordered by your weights","cols":{"near":"Near-term level","long":"From 2030","group":"Other members","score":"Weighted score"},"load":"Load into your path","empty":"No path meets these constraints together. Loosen one.","csv":"oil-frontier"}},"method":{"eyebrow":"Method","title":"How the model works, and what it rests on","standfirst":"Transparent by design: each step is listed, each parameter shown with its basis, each source with its licence. The full method is in the documentation.","steps":["Near term, monthly for 24 months: the EIA outlook’s balance, moved by the Saudi path, other members’ adjustment and compliance, GDP, the shocks, the short-run demand response and the US tight-oil response six to nine months later.","The difference in the balance accumulates in OECD commercial stocks (θ of it) and becomes days of cover against the five-year average. By default the price is anchored: the EIA outlook, with the futures strip in the first months and today’s price fading in, plus the calibrated slope times the change in days of cover the path causes against the production the outlook assumes. The unanchored model instead moves Brent from today’s level by the slope times the change in the deviation.","Long term, annual to 2050: demand follows the chosen published scenario; outside OPEC+ a cost curve of seven supply bands sets the marginal barrel; the price is that barrel’s full-cycle cost plus a cohesion premium that falls as spare capacity rises.","Saudi exports are crude output less domestic crude burn (JODI profile, falling to 2030); revenue is exports times the realised price; the fiscal balance compares revenue with what the IMF breakeven implies; the net present value discounts export revenue and counts the reserves left in 2050.","Monte Carlo draws the elasticities, growth, the tight-oil response, compliance and price noise around the anchored path; the frontier search runs 168 paths and keeps those no other path beats on every objective."],"docs":"The full method, every parameter and every source","sourcesTitle":"Sources","sourceCols":{"source":"Source","licence":"Licence","asOf":"As of"},"origin":{"database":"stored","bundle":"bundled snapshot","live":"mirrored","file":"file"},"policyTitle":"Hand-kept tables","policyBody":"OPEC+ required production by country and month, Aramco’s official selling prices, Saudi domestic crude burn, maximum sustainable capacity, reserves, the demand scenarios and the cost bands are kept as sourced tables, last reviewed {date}, and edited by administrators.","opecTitle":"OPEC+ required production, Saudi Arabia","ospTitle":"Arab Light to Asia against Oman/Dubai","limitsTitle":"What the model leaves out","limits":"No refinery, product or freight detail; no reaction function for OPEC+ (policy is the input, not an output); the long-run cost curve is a set of stated bands, not a field-by-field study; prices beyond 2028 are in constant dollars; the inventory–price relation is a historical association, not a law.","reserves":"Saudi proven crude reserves, billion barrels"},"embed":{"by":"Chart by Renewable Vision","open":"Open the model"},"tooltip":{"path":"Path","value":"Value"},"fromOilModel":"Compare Saudi and OPEC+ production paths in the oil strategy model","hub":{"tag":"Oil strategy model","title":"Oil price and production strategy","body":"Brent for the next 24 months and to 2050, against the EIA outlook and the futures strip, and what five Saudi and OPEC+ production paths imply for revenue, the fiscal balance, market share and the value of reserves."}},"dashboards":{"toGallery":"Open the chart gallery","toAtlas":"See it on the atlas","headlines":"Headline figures","publicDomain":"Public domain","related":{"trade":"Equipment trade","tradeNote":"Where the GCC's PV modules, battery cells and transformers come from.","emissions":"Emissions","emissionsNote":"By sector, per person and against each NDC target.","research":"Research output","researchNote":"Clean-energy works from GCC institutions, by topic and year.","atlas":"Energy Atlas","atlasNote":"The same country figures on the map, year by year.","integrations":"Every source the site reads","integrationsNote":"Publisher, licence, cadence and health of each."},"sources":{"eyebrow":"Sources","title":"Where every figure comes from","caption":"Sources, licences and dates for this page","what":"What","publisher":"Publisher","licence":"Licence","asOf":"As of","links":"Links","publisherLink":"Publisher's page"},"hub":{"tradeTag":"Dashboard","tradeTitle":"Equipment trade","tradeBody":"Where the GCC's PV modules, battery cells and transformers come from, by exporter and year, on an animated flow map.","emissionsTag":"Dashboard","emissionsTitle":"Emissions","emissionsBody":"GCC emissions by sector and per person, a straight path to each NDC target, and the carbon intensity of electricity.","researchTag":"Dashboard","researchTitle":"Research output","researchBody":"Clean-energy works from GCC institutions on seven topics, by year, state and institution."},"trade":{"meta":{"title":"Where the GCC's clean-energy equipment comes from","description":"PV modules, lithium-ion cells, transformers, converters, wind turbines and electrolysis machines imported by each GCC state, by exporter and year, from CEPII's BACI under the Etalab Open Licence 2.0. An animated flow map and downloadable charts."},"eyebrow":"Equipment trade","title":"Where the GCC's clean-energy equipment comes from","standfirst":"Imports of PV, battery cells, transformers, converters, wind turbines and electrolysis machines into the six GCC states, by the country that sold them, year by year, from CEPII's reconciled trade data.","cards":{"pvSaudi":{"label":"Saudi PV imports","body":"From {from} to {to}. In {to}, {share}% came from {partner}."},"pvGcc":{"label":"GCC PV imports","body":"All six states, {from} to {to}; {share}% from {partner} in {to}."},"liIonGcc":{"label":"GCC lithium-ion cell imports","body":"{from} to {to}; the largest seller in {to} was {partner}, with {share}%."},"transformersGcc":{"label":"GCC liquid-filled transformer imports","body":"{from} to {to}; {partner} supplied {share}% in {to}."}},"pvBreak":"The PV figures change code in {year}: before it, HS 854140, which also holds LEDs and other photosensitive devices; from it, PV cells and modules alone (854142 and 854143).","fobNote":"Values are free on board, in current US dollars, as CEPII reconciles them.","importer":"Importer","product":"Product","total":"Total","usdAxis":"US$ million, FOB","otherPartners":"All other exporters","otherAsia":"Other Asia, not elsewhere specified","scopes":{"GCC":"All six GCC states","SA":"Saudi Arabia","AE":"UAE","OM":"Oman","QA":"Qatar","KW":"Kuwait","BH":"Bahrain"},"products":{"pv":"PV cells and modules","li-ion":"Lithium-ion cells","transformers":"Liquid-filled transformers","inverters":"Static converters, inverters included","wind":"Wind turbines","electrolysers":"Electrolysis machines"},"productNotes":{"pv":"Before 2022, HS 854140 also holds LEDs.","li-ion":"HS 850760.","transformers":"HS 850421 to 850423, by rating; the grid-scale units are 850423.","inverters":"HS 850440 holds every static converter: chargers, rectifiers and power supplies as well as solar inverters.","wind":"HS 850231, complete wind-powered generating sets.","electrolysers":"HS 854330 holds every machine for electrolysis, electroplating or electrophoresis, not only hydrogen electrolysers."},"sourcesStandfirst":"One trade source for every figure on this page, named with its licence and release date.","sourceWhat":"Equipment imports by importer, exporter, product and year, {from}–{to}","pointsWhat":"Where each exporter is drawn on the map","codesTitle":"What each product group holds","codesCaption":"The HS six-digit codes behind each product group","codes":"HS codes","scopeNote":"What else the code holds","whyBaci":"Why BACI: UN Comtrade's terms let transformed data be republished, but ask those who do so to hold a premium subscription. CEPII's BACI is built from the same UN Comtrade reports, reconciled between exporter and importer, and published under the Etalab Open Licence 2.0, which allows any use with the source named. The UN Comtrade-derived aggregates, as each importer declared them (CIF, to 2025), remain available at /api/data/trade."},"emissions":{"meta":{"title":"GCC emissions: by sector, per person and against NDC targets","description":"Greenhouse gas emissions of the six GCC states by sector (Climate TRACE), per person (Our World in Data), against each state's NDC target (Climate Watch, illustrative paths) and per kilowatt-hour of electricity. Every chart names its source, licence and date."},"eyebrow":"Emissions","title":"The GCC's emissions, four ways","standfirst":"By sector, per person, against each state's stated target, and per kilowatt-hour of electricity. 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